Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll - 1600 Words

Jabberwocky (pg 730) by Lewis Carroll 1. I could see the speaker of this poem to be a man telling his son a folklore about the Jabberwock around a campfire. I think this because of the intensity of the speaker and how he says, Beware the Jabberwock, my son! 2. The speaker and the author could be telling the same story, but the author is meaning to mock the despair of writers. Unless the man telling his son the story is a writer, he proabably wouldnt understand. 3. The attitude toward the subject seems to be excited and intense. With the intensity, he is either making fun of it, or just excited for the sake of his son. 4. The whole poem has an apostrophe. The Jabberwock is a metaphor for the despair of having to continually count meters and create rhyme. Since the despair cannot do that itself, Carroll created a personification by turning despair into the Jabberwock. 5. A metaphor in this poem is, The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame. This is showing how angry the Jabberwock is. 6. The syntax isnt necessarily unconventional, but maybe more of an older form that people dont speak anymore. The diction is more playful, but with formal wording. 7. This poem is a quatrain, because it has an ABAB rhyme scheme. Carroll probably wrote in this form because it is very common, especially to younger children. 8. The reason of writing this poem is to make fun of the concern of poets to fid something new, or mocking their despair at having continually to count metersShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Jabberwocky By Lewis Carroll1515 Words   |  7 PagesIn his poem â€Å"Jabberwocky†, Lewis Carroll tells the tale of a boy warned by his father of the dangerous creatures that lurk outside, where then the boy goes out and slays one of the most dangerous, therefore receiving praise and gratitude from his father. Carroll utilizes sound in the form of made-up words, rhyme, and tone to create a fanciful atmosphere that exploits our fear and curiosity to develop a theme of good versus evil. In this context, â€Å"man† is seen as â€Å"good† while â€Å"beast† is viewed asRead More Essay on Nonsense Language in Carrolls Jabberwocky1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Nonsense Language and Sounds in Carrolls Jabberwocky  Ã‚      Wn a bby fst ts 2 kmnikt the wrds snd gibberish. No one knows what the baby is trying to say. The poem, Jabberwocky, written by Lewis Carroll, uses meaningless speech to either frustrate or amuse the reader. When trying to pronounce the nonsense words in the poem, the sounds of the words come out as gibberish. The sounds are the important element of the poem. Often, people like to hear poets read in languagesRead More Lewis Carroll Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pages Lewis Carroll is one of the most well known Nonsense Writers. Though using nonsense in poetry has been dismissed as simply quot;for entertainment purposesquot;, most nonsensical poetry acts as an allegory, has deep symbolism and leaves the door wide open for varying interpretations. Lewis Carroll has utilized this sense with nonsense through his poems and prose found in his novels Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass . Through Carrolls interactions with his close friends and familyRead MoreLewis Carroll s On The Restriction Of Expression1007 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Carroll’s Commentary on the Restriction of Expression Lewis Carroll is the pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who prefered to keep his identity secret. Dodgson was born on the 27th of January, 1832 to Charles Dodgson and Frances Jane Lutwidge in the small village of Daresbury, located in England (Smith, Karen). Carroll authored tales of fiction geared towards children and works of nonfiction focused on the specifics and complications of mathematics. Carroll began writing at a young age;Read MoreEssay on Lewis Carroll2377 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"Jabberwocky† Lewis Carroll Jabberwocky: Sense or Nonsense Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. quot;Beware the Jabberwock, my son The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!quot; He took his vorpal sword in hand; Long time the manxome foe he sought-- So rested he by the Tumtum tree, And stood awhile in thought. And, as in uffishRead MoreJohn Charles Lutwidge Dodgson s The Looking Glass 1366 Words   |  6 Pages Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, best known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, has written many novels, poems, and short stories in his lifetime but his most famous for his children s ?nonsense? novels: Alice s Adventures in Wonderland and the sequel Through the Looking Glass. His works, especially the two mentioned, have influenced countless readers over the years, and references to his writings can be found in every type of media from the song ?White Rabbit? by Jefferson Airplane to the the MatrixRead More Nonsense in Lewis Carrolls Poem Jabberwocky Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesNonsense in Lewis Carrolls Poem Jabberwocky Roland Barthes’ Toys expresses the idea that French toys revolve around convention, preparing children to be adults by allowing them to repeat normal adult activities without much imagination. However, one only has to look in any modern toy store to see that today’s American toys focus more on imagination, not imitation. In contrast, however, children are usually taught language based on convention; certain words have set meanings andRead MoreLewis Carroll: A Brief Biography785 Words   |  3 PagesLewis Carroll Lewis Carroll was born on January 27, 1832 in Daresbury, England. His real name is Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, but is known by his pseudonym Lewis Carroll. His mother was Frances Jane Lutwidge and Father was Charles Dodgson and he had a grandfather named Charles Dodgson who was an Army Captain. Lewis Carroll’s father was the Bishop of Elphin. He was the eldest son and third child in a family of seven girls and four boys. In 1846 his education began at a rugby school in Warwickshire,Read MoreThe Importance Of Imagination By Tim Burton1218 Words   |  5 Pagesmultitudinous opportunities to not only improve the world around them, but also to create an incredible life for themselves. Tim Burton’s adaptation of Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland proves that, without childhood imagination, adults would be incapable of generating original ingenuity, therefore unable to succeed in current society. Carroll introduces his classic novel with a poem describing his story-telling experience. Each stanza reveals the dream-like wonder and excitement withinRead MorePoetry : The Best Words973 Words   |  4 Pagesa cadence for the audience to feel a connection to the events. Lewis Carroll is well known for his made up world of Wonderland but also his poems with made of words. Despite the words he also uses end rhymes in his poem Jabberwocky; which are found where expected on the end of the line. â€Å"‘Twas brillig, and the slithy toves/All mimsy were the borogoves,† (Carroll, lines 1 3). The words â€Å"toves† and â€Å"borogoves† were created by Carroll having no meaning outside the poem but clearly are nouns. The unconscious

Clean Edge Analysis Essay - 1749 Words

Position Statement: Paramount Health and Beauty wants to launch a new razor into the market currently referred to as â€Å"Clean Edge.† The project team recommends that the company should position the product as a distinct mainstream product, dubbing it â€Å"Clean Edge by Paramount† in order to produce growth in sales from new product innovation. The importance of placing the product in a mainstream position is to successfully launch an innovative product creating more market share for Paramount and for Clean Edge to become the most sought out razor in the industry. Failing to take this route and deciding to position the product in a niche would only give the new product a limited amount of consumers, preventing Clean Edge from reaching its†¦show more content†¦Clean Edge by Paramount gives customers a clear perception of the advantages of the product without being concerned about other product categories. Critique of Rejected Options There are several reasons why the project team should reject the first option in positioning Clean Edge in a niche. The first reason concerns the pricing strategy. Placing the product in a niche position would make the razor more expensive in the retail sense. Catering to the more involved groomers places the product at a suggested retail price at $12.99. Placing the product at a higher price in the niche position could only lead Clean Edge Razor to a limited market. Rosenberg suggested placing the product in the niche position for a year or two; however, this could lead to prevention in attracting a wider customer base for the product during that time frame. Another reason Paramount should not place in the niche position is their significantly low marketing budget compared to their competitors. In just media advertising alone, Radiance spent $16 million on Naiv. For Clean Edge, the cost for advertising for the niche position would only be $7 million. Because Radiance is spending more than twice as much on their advertising compared to what Paramount would spend in the niche position, Radiance would gain an advantage in covering more ground to promote its product. As far as product naming is concerned, â€Å"ParamountShow MoreRelatedClean Edge Case Analysis1457 Words   |  6 PagesCASE ANALYSIS OF CLEAN EDGE RAZOR Submitted by BrandMasters Fatima Dilruba (B13085) Bhavya Singla (B13080) S Jayaram (B13110) Case Analysis of Clean Edge Razor Problem Statement Paramount Health and Beauty Company developed the Clean Edge Razor, a technologically advanced non disposable razor. The company now has to study and segment the market environment and find a suitable target to successfully position and launch their product. Situational Analysis General Market Profile Read MoreThe Case Analysis for Clean Edge Razo Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Case Analysis for Clean Edge Razor: Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning Marketing Management MBA 812 B Jihang Yang (Elvis) September 27, 2012 Executive Summary Paramount’s newest nondisposable razor, Clean Edge, which from Paramount Health and Beauty Company injected a drop of new blood for the company. They feel very encouraging for the new product, because it gives the user a very great and all new feeling. And also it will be a competitive product in the razor marketing. ItRead MoreClean Edge Razor Case Analysis Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesClean Edge Razor Case Analysis Luiz Dantas Marketing Management Professor MaryJo Radosevich Background/Situation A group of executives from Paramount Health and Beauty Company (Paramount) sat in a research room intently observing a dozen men shaving on the other side of a two-way mirror. The subjects were testing out Paramount’s newest nondisposable razor, Clean Edge, and discussing the experience. The verdict was extremely encouraging. The majority of men felt it was the closest, cleanestRead MoreClean Edge Razor1027 Words   |  5 PagesCase Analysis Clean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning Executive Summary Paramount’s newest non-disposable razor, Clean Edge, has brought a new hope for the company whose other products are either on the mature stage of product life cycle or on the declining stage. Clean Edge’s improved design provides superior performance and hence the top management is extremely excited. They need to come up with a marketing strategy including product positioning, brand name amp; marketingRead MoreClean Edge Razor1488 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Case Analysis - Clean Edge Razor Case - Team members * Min Woo Song * Yang-hee Park * Yekaterina Li * Onofre C. Mateo * Khanan Pinnoi Clean Edge Razor Case 1. What changes are occurring in the non-disposable razor category? What are the strategic life cycle challenges for Paramount’s current products as well as for Clean Edge? Assess Paramount’s competitive position. (1) Market growth in super premium segment Non-disposable razor experienced approximatelyRead MoreThe Product Of The Super Premium Segment1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthe super-premium segment, the appropriate brand name to use is â€Å"Clean Edge by Paramount†. This name will differentiate Clean Edge from the existing Pro line of products already in the moderate segment, and the Avail in the value segment. Those who already established trust in Paramount’s products will be eager to see Paramount enter a new segment that did not exist before. This move will also attract new consumers because Clean Edge is the most technologically advanced razor currently available inRead MoreParamount Must Develop A Marketing Strategy1034 Words   |  5 PagesProblem Statement: Paramount must develop a marketing strategy to decide on positioning their new product â€Å"Clean Edge† in niche or the mainstream market and avoid cannibalization of their own line of products. 2. Situation Analysis: Company †¢ Global company with worldwide sales of $13 billion and $7 billion gross profits for 2009. †¢ Entered the market of non-disposable razors in 1962 and quickly became a respected brand. †¢ Paramount currently offers two lines of non-disposable razors andRead MoreClean Edge Razor Case1601 Words   |  7 PagesParamount has become a market leader in global consumer products; but knows that innovation is vital to continue success. Paramount has used technology to create an innovative razor, but wants to make sure that it is positioned effectively. Situation Analysis: * Customers: Male consumer products have been trending upward in the last decade. The customer segments are broken up into three areas; social/emotional, involved razor users, and uninvolved or maintenance users. Social/emotional are responsibleRead MoreClean Edge Razors - Marketing Case Study856 Words   |  4 PagesRandall, product manager for Clean Edge, must decide on his product positioning strategy for Clean Edge, a new, state-of-the-art non-disposable razor to be introduced by Paramount Health and Beauty Company. By culling information on past and future market trends, competitors, branding, available budget and financial forecasts, this paper will attempt to provide recommendation and insights that may assist Mr. Randall with his decision. This paper supports the launch of Clean Edge razor using a niche-marketRead MoreClean Edge Razor Case Study834 Words   |  4 Pages Clean Edge Razor Case Study Summary of the Background and Facts This case explains the fictional struggle of a razor company, Paramount Health and Beauty Company (Paramount), who has been lagging behind in its industry to release innovative products. In result, its competitors are able to gain leverage by releasing niche products and catch up to Paramount in the super-premium arena. In 1962, Paramount entered the non-disposable razor industry with a spark and immediately entered into a class

Benefits of healthy eating and exercise Essay Example For Students

Benefits of healthy eating and exercise Essay Cardiovascular disease is known to be the leading cause of death. One would ponder upon the main cause of such a disease. When it comes to the risk factors, the two main causes of cardiovascular disease are lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating habits. â€Å"You are what you eat† is a common phrase, which is used to emphasize the significance of a healthy diet as key to a better health. For instance, if an individual consumes unhealthy meals on a daily basis, he or she would accumulate fat in their body and be unhealthy. Exercising and consuming healthy foods daily not only improve the health of an individual, but also extend his or her life span. The main benefits of exercising and nutrition include weight control, increased energy, better health, better mood, and stronger bones. A combination of healthy eating and exercising play a significant role in controlling in an individuals own weight. When exercising, one is not only able to prevent excess weight gains, but also maintain weight loss. People tend to gain weight when they burn fewer calories than the food they consume as well as including the calories that are burned during physical activity. An individual is able to control their own weight simply by consuming nutrient dense foods and low-calorie foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and protein. According to experts, at least 150 minutes to vigorous activity is needed for one to maintain their weight. For those who do not have the time to or cannot do an actual workout can lose weight by walking up the stairs instead of using the elevator. Thus, incorporating physical activity and healthy eating greatly play a major role in weight control. In addition, when an individual consumes healthy food. .recipes/features/how-food-affects-your-moods>. 3. Warner, Jennifer. Exercise Fights Fatigue, Boosts Energy. WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. . 4. How Food Affects Your Sleep. JoyBauer.com. N.p. , n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. joybauer.com/insomnia/how-food-affects-sleep.aspx>. 5. Komaroff, A.. N.p.. Web. 1 Dec 2013. health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/eating-to-boost-energy>. 6. You Are What You Eat: How Food Affects Your Mood. DUJS Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. . 7. Dietary Sodium, Heart Disease and Stroke-Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. heartandstroke.ca. N.p., n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. com/site/c.ikI>.

Just War Theory and Pacifism free essay sample

As a citizen of the United States, I am part of an institution that has been, and is currently, killing people. Whether or not all or some of these killings are ethically defensible is a difficult question to answer and most people simply never confront the issue. I will evaluate literature on the topic, identify the different justifications for killing in time of war and decide if they legitimize our actions. After describing some compelling arguments, I will defend my own position that pacifism is the only ideal which mankind should embrace. According to traditional just war theory, a just cause must serve peace and not simply protect an unjust status quo. War must be used as a last resort and all pacifistic approaches must be undertaken. So, if your country is implicated in immoral actions such as oppression of a group of people that terrorist represent, before responding with military action against that group, it is necessary to stop the unjust oppression. We will write a custom essay sample on Just War Theory and Pacifism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If by upholding unjust policies, a society makes peace with a country of people impossible, then military action would just be an extension of that countrys unjust policy. This would not be a just war because the reactionary war would be itself an instrument of injustice, and the action would contain an unjust intent. In â€Å"Nipping Evil in the Bud: The Questionable Ethics of Preventative Force†, Douglas P. Lackey holds government responsible for acting militarily when the following conditions are met: it is certain a group of terrorists have the means and intent of attacking, the attack is eminent. He distinguishes between preventative and preemptive basically as whether or not you can prove intention. Lackey makes another assertion.

Age Discrimination and Mandatory Retirement free essay sample

Age Discrimination and Mandatory Retirement Joyce Cook The mandatory retirement age controversy should be re-examined and redefined further. Baby boomers are very different from their predecessors; they are living longer, maintain lifestyles that are more active and are generally better able to continue working than in the past. The real challenge is the reality of how the insufficient number of young people will fill the vacancies left by the aging workforce. Mandatory retirement may be unavoidable, as older workers are forced from the work field to create more vacancies for new younger employees.According to most seniors, it is an unfair practice and does not take into account if the person wants to retire; it also does not take into account the mental and physical capabilities or financial position of the person. Not a popular subject by most studies, often it has some effect on many elderly baby boomers plans on how they retire. We will write a custom essay sample on Age Discrimination and Mandatory Retirement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since it involves less than 1 percent of the working population, retirement only opens a small fraction of the total jobs and affects a tiny portion of the population.There is no need to force retirement to create vacancies; most workers retire voluntarily, and still do so even though mandatory retirement is outlawed in most of the United States. Critics for mandatory retirement of pilots at age 60, worry that safety may be compromised, since pilots in their 60’s may find it tougher to battle fatigue or rebound from jet lag than younger colleagues. The Air Line Pilots Association, (ALPA) and the Allied Pilots Association, (APA) has long been supportive of the â€Å"age 60 rule†.In 1950, there was one elderly person to every seven workers. In the year 2000, the ratio was one in five and projected to increase to one in three in 2050. With the impending retirement of the baby boom generation, employers face the loss of many experienced workers and quite possibly skill gap s in certain occupations. This could have an adverse effect on productivity and economic growth. Furthermore, the expected increased ratio of the elderly to those of working ages will place added stress on Social Security and Medicare both of which face long-term financial problems.What most employers do not consider is that the work environment can be adapted to accommodate the needs of the rising population of baby boomers. In addition, to accommodate the changing abilities of older workers, employers need to re-design the job as well. Instead of having to hire new younger workers who are not as skilled or trained in the job, there is a chance it would benefit employers to accommodate older workers’ needs. Functionality and not chronological age must become the prime criteria in all employment practices.As baby boomers exit the work force, letting people work longer could help to curb a predicted skilled and experienced labor shortage in many occupations. Employers need to revise human resource plans to reflect the possibility of more employees working past their previously expected retirement date as well as change testing and performance evaluations to reflect the reality of an aging workforce. Organizations need to develop programs to maximize the contributions of older workers, particularly in the areas of adult learning and flexible work arrangements; it may encourage older workers who wish to continue working.Labor force participation rates of older ages has been on the rise slightly since 1970 and is projected to rise more in the coming years. Couple slow labor force growth with an aging population and it poses serious economic and fiscal challenges to America in the 21st century. Policies that encourage those older workers who want to continue doing so that remove work deterrents for this age group would ease the problem. Perhaps increasing the labor force with people who are able to work longer may be one part of the solutio n to this problem.

d Only Known

If I’d Only Known As the song â€Å"Somewhere Over the Rainbow† echoed through my head, I walked with my brother one last time. The only thing was, he was in the casket in front and my parents and I had to follow tearfully behind. As I looked around, I saw through tear-stained eyes all the hundred of lives my brother had touched. He filled our days with happiness and laughter and left behind so many wonderful stories and memories that will be cherished in my heart forever. At the young ages of just 19 years old, my brother Todd Harris and his friend Ryan Stephenson, had their dreams and aspirations vanish before them on an empty highway just a half an hour away from their home. At the age of 17, my life changed forever as I began to see life through different eyes. As I walked down that aisle, memories flooded my mind on how this awful day arrived. It was September 12th and my brother and I were just sitting in his room talking about our plans for our weekend. We were always pretty close, but after our parents got a divorce, we became incredibly close. He became not just my brother, but my best friend. We did everything together. The problem was our idea of fun was not the safest way of fun. Our lifestyle consisted of parties, drugs, and alcohol. We saw nothing wrong with it. Everyone was doing it and we could handle it, especially my big brother. So there we were, sitting at home making our regular plans to Mizzou. I normally would just drive with him, but for some reason I wanted to drive my own car. We decided to meet up after the game. However, once again the plans changed. I was tired and although I knew he would pay for my drinks, I decided to just go back to my friend’s house. If I’d only known that would have been the last night I would have seen my brother’s smiling face. If I would have only known that would have been the last time I would have been able to wrap my arms around him and say I... 'd Only Known Free Essays on If I\'d Only Known If I’d Only Known As the song â€Å"Somewhere Over the Rainbow† echoed through my head, I walked with my brother one last time. The only thing was, he was in the casket in front and my parents and I had to follow tearfully behind. As I looked around, I saw through tear-stained eyes all the hundred of lives my brother had touched. He filled our days with happiness and laughter and left behind so many wonderful stories and memories that will be cherished in my heart forever. At the young ages of just 19 years old, my brother Todd Harris and his friend Ryan Stephenson, had their dreams and aspirations vanish before them on an empty highway just a half an hour away from their home. At the age of 17, my life changed forever as I began to see life through different eyes. As I walked down that aisle, memories flooded my mind on how this awful day arrived. It was September 12th and my brother and I were just sitting in his room talking about our plans for our weekend. We were always pretty close, but after our parents got a divorce, we became incredibly close. He became not just my brother, but my best friend. We did everything together. The problem was our idea of fun was not the safest way of fun. Our lifestyle consisted of parties, drugs, and alcohol. We saw nothing wrong with it. Everyone was doing it and we could handle it, especially my big brother. So there we were, sitting at home making our regular plans to Mizzou. I normally would just drive with him, but for some reason I wanted to drive my own car. We decided to meet up after the game. However, once again the plans changed. I was tired and although I knew he would pay for my drinks, I decided to just go back to my friend’s house. If I’d only known that would have been the last night I would have seen my brother’s smiling face. If I would have only known that would have been the last time I would have been able to wrap my arms around him and say I...

Strategies for managing symbiotic resource interdependencies Research Paper

Strategies for managing symbiotic resource interdependencies - Research Paper Example Insiders rule the first 18 months and Outsiders from then. It looked like Insiders are used primarily to alleviate and uphold the obtained company, so that its important arrangement is not lost, and then Outsiders are used for major inter-organizational alteration (Agwin, 2004). Duncan & Maureen (2009) add that extensive efforts are made to encourage trust between the two organizations and change enterprises begin to switch towards the boundary. This is where Outsiders are then engaged as they are more responsive to the dynamic features of the two developing unions. Audia (2006) shows that when two associations take part in continuing financial exchange, they can be thought to be in direct contact. Consequently, both traders and consumers get direct contact with instruments producers. Traders and consumers are tied to instruments manufacturers by a symbiotic relationship since their disparities supplement each other according to Ecologists. The transfer of information across organiza tional boundaries is the by-product of these financial relations. As Duncan & Maureen (2009) affirm, symbiotic acquisitions have great tactical interdependence, as worth is generated by high levels of independence and inter organizational synergies since its arrangement is highly valued. Moreover, the urge to achieve synergies through conveying capabilities entails high levels of interdependence and high levels of change. Advantages of Symbiotic Resource Interdependencies Symbiotic relationship is deemed as a prospective vehicle for pursuing diverse intentions that would be hard to realize through internal solutions. Particularly, it has been established that they have normally been used... The development and success of any industrial action or a business is frequently bound by few natural resources on which firms rely, in addition to limited space for operation. Moreover, most companies are faced with problems of monopoly and unsafe competition. Symbiotic resource interdependencies encompass joint resource management by varied firms in geographic closeness to attain ecological and economic advantages. These advantages might include decreases in operational costs and releases, more safe access to raw materials and fundamental utilities, and augmented durability of the resource base. Symbiotic resource interdependencies present various benefits to firms and industries. This includes ecological advantages due to decreases in resource exploitation, economic benefits resulting from cuts in the costs of resource production, inputs and waste disposal and from creation of extra income owing to higher value of by-product and waste streams. There are also business advantages du e to enhanced associations with external parties, and growth of new products and their markets. In addition, there are social advantages by creating new employment and raising the eminence of existing employments, and by creating a cleaner, secure, natural and working condition. Despite these advantages, there are some limitations to formation of these relationships. These are majorly presented by uncertainties of merging, management problems and fast technological alteration.

Violence In Christianity And Islam Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Violence In Christianity And Islam - Thesis Example To a certain extent, one might point out that the religions which emerged on the latter stages of history often provided people with the tools to manage their aggression and refrain from violence. That is why one might suggest that the two notions, namely religion, and violence, are closely connected. Furthermore, the way they interact with each other is able to shed light on the peculiarities of the human nature. That is why it may be particularly significant to carefully examine an, compared how two different religions deal with violence in people. This paper will show that Christianity and Islam condemn violence, but have several provisions which are condition by history that justify it under specific and very concrete circumstances. While considering the moral framework of Christianity, one might think that there is no room for violence in it. Nevertheless, there are certain elements in this teaching which can prove quite the opposite. One of the most notable passages is taken from the Gospel of Matthew: "Do not suppose that I have come to bring peace to the earth. I did not come to bring peace, but a sword" (Matthew 10:34). As one can clearly see, these words clearly indicate that there is a part of teaching of Christ that is not peaceful. However, just like many parts of this book, the passage should be interpreted properly. Of course, it does not mean that a good Christian should follow the example of Christ and live with a sword in hand. The latter is a metaphor which urges people to direct their violence at their sins and fight them without fear (Sullender 16). However, there are some parts of the Christian doctrine that deal with real, not figurative violence.

Discuss how evidence-based practice is applied in your practice Assignment

Discuss how evidence-based practice is applied in your practice setting and describe the desired patient outcome achieved through this approach - Assignment Example To start with, evidence based practice has led to the adoption of the best methods of releasing results to patients and their relatives. The inter-professional staff members in the Oncology department have different levels of education and preparation leading to some differences in managing some problems. For instance, at first any oncology staff in the department could release results to patients (Love & Rodrigue, 2013). But with time, the department realized that bad news released to patients by most doctors who had fewer interactions with the patients made them suffer psychologically and in most cases succumbed to malignancies too soon. On realizing this, most of the staff have attended some sessions in order to improve their techniques of handling patients. Consequently, better methods of releasing results have been introduced. Currently, dispatching results is often done by nurses who have much positive interaction with patients and also those who have time to explain to them on best treatment practices to be undertaken. Love and Rodrigue (2013), suggests that this has minimized the occurrence of early deaths in the unit by a large margin. EBR has also been employed in radiation treatments (Love & Rodrigue, 2013). Initially, the oncology department did not emphasis much on testing sensitivity of a patient to chemotherapy, but largely relied on the standard operating procedures for different stages of cancer. Later, the head of the department suggested on using tumor markers to determine individualized based sensitivity or resistance to chemotherapy to help manage cancer patients better. Upon adopting the above strategies, treatment methods such as selecting drugs were largely based on individual sensitivity and the analysis of tumor markers. This led to better response of patients to chemotherapy in the hospital and the practice was widely borrowed by neighboring hospitals. With time, it was discovered that some patients, especially those in

Compare Law Of Defamation In Us And Britain Media Essay

Compare Law Of Defamation In Us And Britain Media Essay Introduction The purpose of this report is to compare the law of defamation in the United States and the United Kingdom. Considering the defense is open to a journalist accused of libel, an analysis will be given as to which system better serve society. In considering a comparison of defamation law in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is useful to consider points of advantage and disadvantage. An assessment of the advantages and disadvantages will help to demonstrate which system better serve society. An overall assessment shows that, while the United States may have disadvantages associated with the defamation law system, the British system has many glaring problems that undermine free speech and equity. This means that the British system does not serve society better. Such analysis will be supported by referring to the sources of free speech guarantees, which in the US are guaranteed by the Constitution, the burden of proof, which in the US wife with the plaintiff, and the cost and ease of access, which in Britain is a situation that has spiraled out of control. Sources of Free Speech Guarantees In critically investigating the advantages of defamation law in the United States for journalists, Crook (2010) indicates that the existence of the First Amendment is advantages for journalists, a point well voiced by other legal practitioners (Meiklejohn, 1961; Byrne, 1989). The reason why is because it guarantees them, through the Constitution, the right of free speech. This means both at the federal level or otherwise cannot block the freedom of speech and that is the fundamental guarantee. In America, the case that sets the constitutional principles for libel is the case of New York Times versus Sullivan (Crook, 2010). Because of the constitutional right of the freedom of expression in the United States, there is more of a positive culture for the freedom of expression (Crook, 2010, p. 237), a perspective again voiced by other writers like Fiss (1988) who said the freedom of speech amendment to the constitution defines we America is as a nation. Indeed, there is more room given t o the rights of the freedom of the press as a result, among other advantages. In the United Kingdom, there are not a constitutional principles established. In other words, in the UK, there are not any constitutional provisions on free speech law like the United States. Crook (2005) explains the reason for this being is because the UK does not have a federal legal system or Constitution. As well, the UK is subject to unique forces like the European Court and the European communities. Still, the legal framework with regard to the freedom of speech and United Kingdom is found in the rulings of Reynolds versus Times and Turkington v Times. Burden of Proof Another advantage of the defamation law within the United States is the burden of proof for journalists is on the plaintiff. The evidence the US plaintiff has to present during cases of defamation includes the following. In particular, a U.S. plaintiff has to prove that the communication was executed to purposely injure reputation, that the message is false and publish to a third-party (Watts, 2004). Further, if the definition is associated with public officials or in the interests of the public, the requirements extend further. In such cases, the US plaintiff will have to prove actual malice and negligence (Crook, 2010). This is not the case in the United Kingdom where the burden of proof is said to lay with the defendant. With the burden of proof lying on the defendant rather than the plaintiffs, such the underlying assumption is that any offending speech has the potential to be untrue and the writer or author has to prove that it is true (Crook, 2010). Again, this is in contrast to the United States where, in order to succeed, the plaintiffs have to prove this speech is false and has been published with a disregard for the truth. The thoughts of the disadvantages because, when compared with the United States system, the plaintiff is in charge of providing evidence of an injury to reputation. Costs and Ease of Access Another disadvantage that has been associated with the defamation law for UK journalists are the costs involved. Crook (2010) documents the fact that attempting to defend against libel is way expensive, and as a result those who are able to defend against any attacks on reputation or against libel are generally those who are more powerful or who are wealthier in society. As a related concern, there has also been in the documentation of substantial awards of damages, and the amount of awards that are given are thought to heighten the risks associated with defending against libel actions and place on pressure journalists to settle even if they have a chance of winning the case. The situation is not helped by the introduction of what are called contingency agreements and conditional fee agreements, abbreviated CFA, which means more people are able to sue in cases of libel (Crook, 2010). Thus, the amount of damages awarded, the costs involved, and the lack of barriers, present a disadvan tages situation, and these issues are further explored in the paragraphs that follow. Indeed, some statistics are instructive in pertaining a picture of the current situation as pertaining to costs and restrictions on speech. According to the Libel Reform campaign (Libel Reform, 2010), more than 30% of editors supported medical and scientific journals say they have been threatened with libel more than 40% have been asked to change the articles to protect from libel, and more than a third have an his work from journalists because of the fear of libel action. Moreover, the report, Free Speech Is Not For Sale, has also documented a long list of criticisms against the wealthy in society as the report documents how those who are in power have filed their suit in London because of the fact that 90% of such cases are usually won by claimant (The Guardian, 2010). The total costs have been documented to be above more than 1,000,000 pounds, 140 times more than the little cases that are held in the mainland of Europe (The Guardian, 2010). Because journalists and scientists are n ot able to afford such extraordinary costs, they usually end up withdrawing their comments, apologizing to publish material that they believe true information and are important to contributing to an informed public debate on issues that matter to society (BeVier, 1980). There are efforts for change in place. In 2009, the Justice Secretary in Britain, Jack straw, indicated the introduction of the government plans to reduce the fees to launch defamation cases so as to make the system more equitable (Mulholland, 2009). If such reforms are implemented, this will represent an important step forward in making the British system more equitable because the press is a vital element of democracy (Shiner, 2008). According to the media and legal literature (Petrova 2008), the press serves the function of informing the public and providing information that enables them to make choices as good citizens (Dahlberg, 2001). Therefore, being able to publish information and not restrict the freedom of expression is seen as being a critical component of democracy but presently this situation constrained in Britain because of the libel law (Loper, 1974; Hensley, 2001). Lord McNally Justice Minister of the United Kingdom has raised this concern recently. McNally indicated the urgent need to allow different forms of journalism or scientific research be able to be published without the fear of unfounded, lengthy and costly defamation and little cases being brought against them (Sweney, 2010, p. 1). However, to achieve this, the government as well as the justice minister is of the belief that what it requires is to reform the UK law on defamation to strike a balance between freedom of expression and the protection of reputation (Sweney, 2010, p. 1). Attempting to achieve this balance is very typical in considering the present system where costs are extremely high and where awards serve as a deterrent to achieving justice in the system. Moreover, there has been a great deal of discussion regarding the ease of launching a lawsuit in Britain and how the rich are involved in it (Lahlou, 2009). In fact, it has led to what is called libel tourism (Howard, 2008). With the term refers to is instances in which a company operating in for example Iceland complains about a newspaper that published information in Denmark, and then a London lawyer will be called to handle the case, and the court is held in Britain (Carvaja, 2008). One report launched, called Free Speech Is Not For Sale, showed how dangerous the law of defamation is in this respect (Libel Reform, 2010). According to the English law for example, any writer who contributes to blogs or journalists, can be sued in London irrespective of where they live or work and regardless of where the blog was published (The Guardian, 2010). This means that citizens in America or a citizen of Russia can be sued in Britain who are exercising their right of free speech in their own country. Obviously, this is a system that is not in the interest of free speech and is not in the interests of equity. The situation described above is not just theoretical. Many cases have resulted from libel tourism. The disadvantages stemming from the system in the UK can be seen in the case of writer, racial Ehrenfeld, who published a book about a Saudi billionaire entrepreneur and accused the entrepreneur of providing financial support to Islamic terrorist groups (Carvaja, 2008). Although the book was not published in Britain, only copies of the book had been purchased their online, the judge in the case ruled that the writer had to pay more than $200,000 and apologize for the allegations in the book as well as destroy existing copies of it. (Carvaja, 2008) The outcome of this particular case has not only affected the writer in question but is also affected other publishers because they are now afraid, according to Ehrenfeld, to publish information about potential terrorist or Saudi financiers even if the evidence is there. So because of the way the burden of proof operates, this can have an eff ect on limiting the amount of free speech. Globalization does not ease the burden on journalists. Because of globalization, where telecommunications are increasing the amount of information dispersal and access, the potential to sue in Britain is increased all around. For example, a television network that is based in Dubai and broadcast in Arabic was sued by a businessman in Tanzania who was disputing against allegations to ties to a terrorist group in a British court (Ungoed-Thomas Gillard, 2009). The British court was involved because the program was accessible through a satellite in Britain. The man from Tunisian was awarded more than $160,000 (Ungoed-Thomas Gillard, 2009). In the United States, there have been some legislative protections passed to protect U.S. journalists from the British system. New York State implemented the libel terrorism prevention act (Carvaja, 2008). The law that has been passed in New York is important for many reasons, one of which is that it helps to provide protection for her journalists to publish information. Essentially, what the Bill has done is to declare any judgments that may be made with regard to a US journalist unenforceable unless the country that is deciding on the case has free speech protections that are similar to the United States Constitutions First Amendment (Libel Reform, 2010). British citizens are not much happier with the current system, either. In fact, there is even a campaign that has been ongoing for some time, which can be found on libelreform.org (Libel Reform, 2010), and is urging individuals as well as politicians and businesses to reform libel laws. Those participating on the reform campaign see the system as unjust because it enables too many individuals to launch cases and silent claims that others do not agree with. This is not to say the system in the U.S. is perfect. For example, in the past there have been cases in which, in the United States, companies have open suits of commercial defamation when journalists have listed companies among those who face bankruptcy risk. Hertz did this by suing a journalist publishing information about Hertz, questioning its financial performance (Starkman, 2009). This brings up issues of whether those involved in market research and other research firms can criticize a company that is publicly listed without fearing defamation claims. The issue also demonstrate how commercial and publicly listed companies have involved federal courts to punish those who speak out on company performance ((Starkman, 2009). The issue is disturbing because it shows an abuse of the system as it pertains to defamation law, and it also undermines the freedom of speech, while bringing up very disturbing implications about what is journalists can publish about companies obviously, hav ing access to accurate information about company performance is something that should be able to be published (Crook, 2010). However, in the end, it appears the system in Britain presents far more concerns and undermines democracy. Conclusion The purpose of this report was to compare the law of defamation in the United States and the United Kingdom to determine which system serves society better. In considering the defamation law in the United States and the United Kingdom, one could conclude that the system in the United States is better. The reason why is mainly because in Britain there are too many ways for journalists to be sued and it compromises free speech guarantees. In contrast, in America, such are solely rooted in the foundations of the country. To be sure, this does not mean that the system in the United States is without flaw. But from the perspective of the present writer, it does appear that the system in the United States is better serve society than the system in the United Kingdom because in the UK so many people can be sued and it serves the rich better. This undermines equity and undermines free speech. Such analysis may coincide with others who have criticized the British system; even the Minister for Justice, Lord McNally, has indicated that the libel law in England is not fit for purpose and is striving throughout his career in the justice system to reform the system (Libel Reform: Justice Minister tells campaigners libel law à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"is not fit for purposeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ , 2010).

Daniel Deronda Essay -- Essays Papers

Daniel Deronda Daniel Deronda, the final novel published by George Eliot, was also her most controversial. Most of Eliot’s prior novels dealt largely with provincial English life but in her final novel Eliot introduced a storyline for which she was both praised and disparaged. The novel deals not only with the coming of age of Gwendolyn Harleth, a young English woman, but also with Daniel Deronda’s discovery of his Jewish identity. Through characters like Mirah and Mordecai Cohen, Eliot depicts Jewish cultural identity in the Victorian period. Reaction to Daniel Deronda exposes the deeply embedded anti-semitism of the period. The story follows the tow main characters over the course of several years as they struggle with their own self discovery. The novel’s primary female character, Gwendolyn, is an essentially aloof figure that resists any genuine emotional connection. She enters into a union with Grandcourt in hopes of advancing herself socially but the resulting marriage is disastrous. Deronda, after saving young Mirah from suicide, is drawn into a Judaic community. Deronda eventually discovers his Jewish heritage and marries Mirah. The two move to Palestine in hopes of helping to establish a Jewish homeland there. Eliot was not ignorant of the risks she ran in writing a novel that placed a minority culture at its center. In a letter to Harriet Beecher Stowe Eliot described her aims in writing Daniel Deronda this way: There is nothing I should care more to do, if it Were possible than to rouse the imagination of Men and women to a vision of human claims in Those races of their fellow men who diff... ... a November 1876 letter to John Blackwood: This is what I wanted to do- to widen the English vision a little in that direction and let in a little conscience and refinement. I expected to excite more resistance of feeling than I have seen the signs of, but I did what I chose to do- not so well as I should have like to do it, but as well as I could.(qtd. in Haight, 304) Works Cited Ashton, Rosemary. George Eliot; A Life. New York: Penguin, 1996. Cave,Terence. Introduction. Daniel Deronda. By George Eliot. London: Penguin,1995. ix-xxxiii. Haight, Gordon. Ed. The George Eliot Letters Volume VI. London:Yale Univ.Press, 1955. Karl, Frederick R. George Eliot; Voice of a Century. New York: Norton & Co., 1995.

Case Incident 2 Professional Sports: Rewarding?

Case Incident 2 PROFESSIONAL SPORTS: REWARDING AND PUNISHING THE SAME BEHAVIOUR QUESTION: 1. What type of reinforcement schedule does random drug testing represent? Is this type of schedule typically effective or ineffective? Answer: The type of reinforcement schedules that random drug testing represent is the variable interval type. As defined, this type of schedule occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. In the case, the reinforcement schedule is done randomly and unexpected.It is typically effective because athletes not aware of the test and when these tests will be taken place. Therefore, athletes are unprepared. QUESTION: 2. What are some examples of behaviors in typical organization that supervisors reward that may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole? As a manager, what might you do to try to avoid quandary? Answer: It’s when the athletes are taking steroids. When athletes take steroids to enhan ce their performance abilities, they are misleading their managers and their fans.At first, they will be rewarded. Like they can earn more profit and increase their popularity, But in the end, when it is discovered that the athlete were taking steroids, he destroys his team’s reputation and of course his own reputation and also the loyalty the fans had for him. If I was a manager, what I might do in order to avoid this quandary, if I was made aware of someone using steroids, I would do a random drug testing as soon as possible instead of having the whole team suffer for that one insubordinate athlete. QUESTION: 3.If you were the commissioner of baseball, what steps would you take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball? Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent? Why or why not? Answer: Yes, punishment is the most effective deterrent. Because punishment is everyone’s scared of. It’s the only way how can they make their selves responsible. I f I were a baseball commissioner, I will enforce a policy that will monitor athlete’s condition regarding the usage of steroids and enforce heavy punishment for those athletes that will be caught using steroids

The Relationship of the United States With China

The Relationship of the United States With China The relationship between the U.S. and China traces back to the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844. Among other issues, the treaty fixed trade tariffs, granted U.S. nationals the right to build churches and hospitals in specific Chinese cities and stipulated that U.S. nationals cannot be tried in Chinese courts (instead they would be tried in U.S. consular offices). Since then the relationship has fluctuated coming closet to open conflict during the Korean War. Second Sino-Japanese War/World War II Beginning in 1937, China and Japan entered into conflict that would eventually combine with the Second World War. The bombing of Pearl Harbor officially brought the United States in the war on the Chinese side. During this period the United States funneled a great amount of aid to help the Chinese. The conflict ended simultaneously with the end of the Second World War and the surrender of the Japanese in 1945. Korean War Both China and the US got involved in the Korean War in support of the North and the South respectively. This was the only time when soldiers from both countries actually fought as the U.S./U.N. forces battled Chinese soldiers upon Chinas official entrance in the war to counter American involvement. The Taiwan Issue The end of the second world war saw the emergence of two Chinese factions: the nationalist Republic of China (ROC), headquartered in Taiwan and supported by the United States; and the communists in the Chinese mainland who, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, established the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). The U.S. supported and only recognized the ROC, working against the recognition of the PRC in the United Nations and amongst its allies until the rapprochement during the Nixon/Kissinger years. Old Frictions The United States and Russia have still found plenty over which to clash. The United States has pushed hard for further political and economic reforms in Russia, while Russia bristles at what they see as meddling in internal affairs. The United States and its allies in NATO have invited new, former Soviet, nations to join the alliance in the face of deep Russian opposition. Russia and the United States have clashed over how best to settle the final status of Kosovo and how to treat Irans efforts to gain nuclear weapons. Closer Relationship In the late 60s and at the height of the Cold War both countries had a reason to start negotiating in hopes of a rapprochement. For China, the border clashes with the Soviet Union in 1969 meant that a closer relationship with the U.S. might provide China with a good counterbalance to the Soviets. The same effect was important for the United States as it looked for ways to increase its alignments against the Soviet Union in the Cold War. The rapprochement was symbolized by the historic visit of Nixon and Kissinger to China. Post-Soviet Union The disintegration of the Soviet Union re-inserted a tension into the relationship as both countries lost a common enemy and the United States became an undisputed global hegemon. Adding to the tension is Chinas ascent as a global economic power and the expansion of its influence to resource-rich areas such as Africa, offering an alternative model to the United States, usually termed the Beijing consensus. The more recent opening of the Chinese economy has meant closer and increased trade relationships between both countries.

Stranger in the Village Essays

Stranger in the Village Essays Stranger in the Village Paper Stranger in the Village Paper Essay Topic: The Stranger To start off, this essay is the first hand account of James Baldwin experiences in a tiny Swiss village 4 hours outside of Milan. Lets begin on who James Baldwin is, Baldwin is an African American male who has recently left the united States to come observe an know more about the relation of racism and societies. Baldwin Is very proud of his African American heritage even though it has become more segregated then ever in the early part of the civil rights movement. The village is so small that is almost unknown as claimed by Baldwin, he goes on to describe is as a unattractive own that Is stuck In the past; to add on to that the town seem to be very primitive as claimed in this passage In the village there is no movie house, no bank, no library, no theater; very few radios, one Jeep, one station wagon; and at the moment, one typewriter, mine, an invention which the woman next door to me here had never seen. Baldwin Paragraph 2. Baldwin being a African American male, Is the first experiences many of the people of the small Swiss village have encountered, that being a factor can be at times why the village seems very racial towards him, engendering the fact he is the first of his kind to step foot into the village. I will go on to explain the emotions that Baldwin starts to feel on the racism expressed in the essay and the way It touches on some of the modern day struggles that go on. The 4th paragraph you start to witness the rage building up from some of the villagers actions. With one case being the children calling Baldwin a Anger! this can be compared to the civil rights movement in the middle of the 1 asss when racial separation was very common In modern united States, when racial slurs would be led at Black Students who did not blend in with the surrounding. Baldwin shows us that because of Americans, black men were looked down upon, and the word Niger was created by Americans who failed to realize that blacks also have rights. This belief has spread world wide, even Into small villages. Because of this, black and white people alike will never be the same as they once were, and the world has been forever changed. This is an easy comparison for what Baldwin could have been easily be feeling right at that moment in time, not only is that degrading to him, but also his culture. Baldwin feels very strongly about his culture and his roots that he has come from. When someone shows such a strong hatred to another race and it spreads world wide it cannot be changed over night. Baldwin relies on us a smart individual to realize this. To show another example to modern times, the worlds view on homosexuality and the degrading things that are said about them, such as but not to limit, tag, homo, gay, fagged. Even though through out the world homosexuality Is becoming more and more accepted there is always going to be those places that cannot change their view. Another statement I want to examine is that shown in he 4th paragraph In all of this, In which It must be conceded there was the charm of genuine wonder and In which there were certainly no element of Intentional unkindness, there was yet no suggestion that I was human: I was simply a living wonder. This is seems to be the turning point for Baldwin, you can see that he has I OFF seem to give a little slack to ten village Tort not unreasoning. Ana Tanat teeny are more curious than anything about his different features. The next paragraph we start to feel some of the pain not much but it is starting to become more noticeable in that Baldwin speaks. l knew that they did not mean to be unkind, and I know it now; it is necessary, nevertheless, for me to repeat this to myself each time that I walk out of the chalet as I read this paragraph over to understand it more thoroughly. He expressing to himself that it never Just blows over but it hurts every time he leaves his cabin, that he must be brought to the same pain over and over again. They also wonder why the color of his skin does not rub off them when they touch him and that no electrical shock occurs when they touch his woolly hair. The adults come off in such subtle way in the way they present their insults. Later in the paragraph you notice some frustration that the author is feeling with the children some days he enjoys talking with the kids and then other days he Just want to blow right past them. As we go farther along in the passage we come along to an interesting fact about around some of the villages they buy African Americans to convert them to Christianity, this is very intriguing for it seems to be backwards from the norm that you always here about, with Africans being bought for only slavery, but is there more to this? Baldwin later goes on to explain that YES! For someone to take you away from your original environment and convert you to an all-new lifestyle is very disturbing. Imagine this youre a late asss male growing up to believe in one way of life and to be only taken and to be told that you have been taught wrong for all your life. This leads me to another part of Baldwin adventure were he compare the interactions between a white man visiting a black village and vice versa with a black man visiting a white village. He speaks on points such as the black village being astonished and marveling over the fact that the white man is different. But the fact that white men or in this case white village as put so much space between him and them is starting to get hit the core of him. His anger towards the white man is now showing, that he cannot forgive them for what pain they have cause to his ancestors. The fact is that Baldwin is trying to accept the fact that this part of the world has not yet experienced the racial diversity that has been expressed in America; most of the villagers have not even been able to leave the foot of the mountain. He goes on to conclude that there will never be an all white world and that we shall always be verse. To help explain this I want to look at one quote from Baldwin, The time has come to realize that the interracial drama acted out on the American continent has not only created a new black man, it has created a new white man, too. No road whatever will lead Americans back to the simplicity of this European village where white men still have the luxury of looking on me as a stranger. Baldwin is stating that the world is always changing that we need to start to adapt to these on going changes. In Biology you learn about the body and its ability to keep homeostasis, peeping everything balanced out, this is what is being show through out the essay and our generation. The body and the mind are trying to adapt to all the changes, but they are coming so fast that some groups are unable to adapt to such a shift in a way of life. This would involve change the ways on doing everything they have done for many centuries before the introduction of African American to their small village or even country like the United States. It almost compares to my statement I pointed out, tout ten religion topic. Your not Just addle to change In ten snap AT your Tellers, t took hundreds of years to break away from slavery. All you can do is wait it out. Look at this in this standpoint, here I am writing this paper more than 50 years later after these encounters with this village in Switzerland; what has change so far? Yes no, we have now become for the most part a non-segregated society, until you start looking more into the facts. Lets look at where we are at now SST. Louis, in the city how does the diversity look at when you go into north of downtown, are we simply human an this is all coincidence that this part of the city is predominately African American. Or when we travel east to Staunton, Illinois where there is a single African American family. Sure, there are towns between SST. Louis and Staunton but that have an even ratio of Blacks Whites but how I see a pattern going on. As the movement of more diverse society happens it seems that is a comparison of oil water. You can put the two in the same bottle and shake it up, the products appear to mix, but in the long run Just seem to separate themselves out. Baldwin views and theories are easily affecting what is going on in today, not Just in the on going struggle in diversity in the United States. But also in other countries as well, as much as we try to alienate ourselves from one another there will always be that someone to mix it up. All there is to do is to try to change are ways, and this by following the structure that Baldwin has laid out for us. That is to start learning the basics, even the littlest of changes matter and that is what it comes down. Homeostasis of cultures and learning how to adapt with our ongoing changes, around the world and within us is what has to be done. This is what is projected to me from Baldwin during his essay; learning to adapt is the first step.

Tort. Causation and remoteness of damage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tort. Causation and remoteness of damage - Essay Example The concept appears simple, but proving the chain of causation between the violation of a duty by the defendant and the resulting injury upon the claimant’s person or property can sometimes be extremely hard. Nonetheless, the fundamental test is to establish whether the harm would have taken happened without the defendant’s violation of the responsibility owed to the aggrieved party. This paper examines causation and remoteness as the primary tests for proving negligence claims. Negligence claims for tort have become increasingly common in modern societies because they safeguard the interests of parties and prevent personal injury upon other persons (Abraham, 2013). In such cases, if the negligent acts of an accused party are found to have attracted other material costs to the claimant, then the former party can be liable for the additional costs of harm as well. According to Stauch (2001), Asbestos negligence proceedings which have been instituted for many decades are based upon the concept of causation. The claims are normally interwoven with the ordinary concept of an individual or party causing injury to others through soared insurance bills, medical, or operational costs among other compensable claims. With hefty compensations for such injuries seemingly secondary losses, some defendants have been severely affected by the negative economic impacts.

Aboriginal land rights in Australia Research Proposal

Aboriginal land rights in Australia - Research Proposal Example o Aborigines, Diane Bell has boldly expressed it as a sign that there is a drastic alteration in the legal and administrative stance to the acknowledgment of Aboriginal rights in Australia. Bell further justified her claims through pronouncing these statements;"Nowhere are these changes as striking as in the struggle of the Aboriginal people to gain recognition of land rights. This struggle has involved both moral and legal re-examinations of the relationship between a settler population and the original inhabitants. The wording of the Land Rights Act Northern Territory (1976) and the reference to customary law both assume that Aborigines have rights and a system of law, and that these have existed for many thousands of years. Such propositions would have been unthinkable two hundred years ago, when Australia was settled as a British colony. Not only has the legal profession had to rethink its judgments and governments to legislate to recognize aspects of Aboriginal Rights, but th e Aborigines themselves have organized locally and nationally to bring the grievances and the injustices suffered by their people to the attention of other Australians and to people abroad."1 Nevertheless, there are alarming difficulties regarding the debate on land rights. The issue has branched out extensively to include political implications which made it extremely complicated to represent objectively and impartially. In a scholarly matter, it is rather inappropriate to provide an in-depth analysis of the causes of the land rights battle while it is still being fought. Neutrality of opinion regarding a politically charged state of affairs can be then argued as an indication of support to the conservative racist forces in Australia which combat the bestowing of land rights to the original inhabitants of Australia. Nonetheless, there is an urgent need to expose and investigate the issues revolving around the land rights movement since arguments and raison d''tre on both sides of the problem are dreadfully ambiguous. A tranquil and balanced evaluation of the diverse issues of the land rights movement can possibly generate a remedial and enlightening effect and conceivably guide those who are fervently faithful to the land rights proposal to come up with a persuasive way in presenting their case. Many Australians advocate the recognition of the Aborigine's traditional land rights which constitute the right to utilize and subsist on the land that they have previously occupied. The supporters of the land rights movement give their best hopes that a greater recognition of these customary rights, which is termed as the native title, would smooth the progress of compromise between Aborigines and white Australians. However, the land claims of the Aborigines demonstrate composite legal concerns, such as the problems that granting of native titles will cause to private welfare in the land that have existed in Australia over the past two decades. The complex issue over land rights necessitates the vitality of confronting the problem with the deep-seated legal principles regarding land rights of aboriginal people. The Land Rights Movement In the 1960s, the Aboriginal land rights movement inaugurated its emergence as a "movement", as such. The term "movement" is quite an inappropriate word to use since the

Philosophy Token vs. Dualism or New Theory Essay

Philosophy Token vs. Dualism or New Theory - Essay Example In recognition of the mental states in relation to the brain, the Token Theory of mind upholds the analogy of realizations and supposes that the individual thought is identical with the individual brain state in which it corresponds. This philosophy reasoned that if mental states is a cacophony of thought processes then most likely it is identical to the internal state of the brain. In simplified terms; it is interaction of mind and body and the interaction of physical processes in the brain and parts of the body via the nervous system and there is nothing more than physical in the way it functions. Smart (1956) said that the mental state's 'desire for a cup of coffee' would thus be nothing more than the "firing of certain neurons in certain brain regions". The mental phenomenon is then equated with the processes of the brain and is actually considered as the fundamental features of the brain. A heavy challenge under this theory would fall under the category of need. The explanation seems to relay the idea that humans regardless of affiliation feel hunger and hunger is identical to a certain brain state. Each mental state is said to be identical to an individual brain state without any categorization. ... Dualism meanwhile is a complex model that divides the human beings into two substances of matter and mind and separates the mind from the body. In Plato and Aristotle both maintained, for different reasons, "that a man's 'intelligence' (as a faculty of the mind or soul) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of his physical body". In a non-physical form, dualism exists to identify the mind as the control factor in movements along with other components. Dualism however explains the property of the physical (skin, bones and the entire system of the human body) in response to the mental (thoughts and feelings). For example, in simple dualism: a needle puncturing your finger is a physical trauma and causes you to perceive pain; as a physical response one either withdraws the hand or voice out a verbal reaction to pain. In other words there is direct physical interaction between the mind and the body. In more complex dualistic setting and explanation: when one sees a car, the input is placed on the senses and sends out signals through the senses which interpret the experience in the brain whereby a mental image is produced. Scientifically this could be acceptable, but the simplest is always the best answer when trying to find the most natural relation to a human's mind. Despite a certain initial clarity, the token identity theory is still faced with a heavy challenge in the form of the Putnam's(1967) multiple realizations. If this is a difference however, then pain cannot be identical to a certain brain state and thus the identity theory is empirically unfounded for her. It dwells on the neurological aspect of the mind and the

Values of society Essay Example for Free

Values of society Essay This in itself is interesting and is perhaps representative of the modern day fear of corruption from foreign sources for example, Donna goes to That London for a job interview and returns a slightly deranged, career driven woman, so concerned with herself and her work that she fails to notice both that one best friend has gone into labour and the other has gone off with Gaz, Donnas boyfriend. This does however hark back to the values of the pre-90s sitcoms like Steptoe and Son and The Good Life that family (and in this context this refers to the close knit group of friends) comes first. A lot of the humour in the traditional British sitcoms is derived from class distinction and the contrasts between these two classes this is particularly evident in The Good Life, in which Tom and Barbara Good decide to give up working for a living and instead enjoy a self-sustained lifestyle. This is in great contrast to their neighbours and friends, the Leadbetters, who are very upper class and disparaging of Tom and Barbaras new lifestyle choice. The majority of disequilibrium (as relating to Todorovs theory) came from a problem the Goods faced in maintaining their self-sufficiency whether it be a lapse back into middle-class for Barbara or Toms pigheadedness causing a minor problem to develop. They are continually challenged by Margot Leadbetter, who is a stereotypical snob with no sense of humour, who tolerates but doesnt understand their choice at all. While The Good Life was being produced in the 1970s, a revival of sorts was taking place concerning self-sufficiency and the growing snobbery of the middle class. The show was hailed as a great support to the cause as it showed it in a very positive light Tom and Barbara face a great deal of adversity in turning their South London home into a small farm, however they always overcome these issues and equilibrium is restored. Margots complete misunderstanding when it comes to self-sufficiency is representative of the snobbery of the middle-class towards those beneath them why should you do the work by, for example, growing your own food, when you can just drive to the shops and buy it? However Tom and Barbara get a good deal of joy from producing their own goods with varying degrees of success, and despite Margots disapproval, they are happy its a very positive message, that you dont need material worth to have a good life. The character of Margot can be seen as a precursor to the character of Hyacinth Bucket on Keeping Up Appearances, a caricature of a middle class social climber. It again employed class distinction as the main source of comedy, that is between Hyacinth and her unemployed sister Daisy, her husband Onslow and younger sister Rose who are an exaggeration of the working class, in that they dont do any work at all and instead spend all day in front of the television. The driving point of Keeping Up Appearances is that Hyacinth, forever striving to be higher in the community, is never happy, while Daisy, Onslow, Rose and Daddy are quite literally happy as pigs in muck. This is further explored in Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, where the main cast (with the possible exception of Donna) have no ambition whatsoever and are completely happy to just continue with their working class lifestyle. British sitcoms tend to be very character driven a prime example of this is My Family, an exploration of the life of long-suffering dentist Ben Harper and his equally long-suffering family. Propps character theory can be applied thus Ben, the protagonist and hero, his wife Susan, the secondary hero, his son Nick, the idiot who provides comic relief, his daughter Janey the princess, and his son Michael, who acts as the donor, often providing Ben with the means to achieve his goals at a price. Each family member also periodically acts as the villain, the antagonist to Ben. The sitcom, then, is very formulaic the hero wants something (usually peace and quiet, in My Family), the antagonist has it or the ability to make it happen. This formula acts as something of a comfort blanket to the audience they are aware that whatever happens to the characters, it will be resolved and the status quo restored by the end of the episode these are the audience expectations of the sitcom genre regardless of the era it was produced in, therefore the basic structure of the sitcom has not been changed more than a slight amount to reflect society. The idea of a nuclear family in sitcoms is not a new one, in recent years however it has become more common to challenge this view Jam and Jerusalem is one such example. In the first episode the village doctor Mike Vine dies and leaves his wife Sal as a single parent. Sals children are grown up but her nature and role as village nurse, along with her inception into the village chapter of the Womens Institute, means she effectively acts as a parent to much of the community. Jam and Jerusalem also challenges social ideals by including a character afflicted by a mental illness Rosie Bales, a middle aged woman with the mentality of a child, has an angry and violent alter ego known as Margaret. This inclusion is an attempt to challenge the stigma of mental illness as a weakness and presents Rosie as a functioning member of society, even holding down a job at the local cheese factory and being a member of the WI. Jam and Jerusalem is considered a very down to earth sitcom, in that it doesnt utilise situations unusual to the surroundings it doesnt attempt to jump the shark, a phrase coined to describe the growing desperation of the producers of the sitcom Happy Days who created ever more bizarre plotlines in an attempt to eke out further profits. Set in the rural Cornish town of Clatterford, disequilibrium is caused by everyday situations such as the death of a family member or a bad harvest affecting the income of farmers. By doing so the producers have appealed to a wider audience, not merely interested in watching a programme which is, in effect, the same format every episode, but realistic situations and a life they can relate to. This is a reflection of the growing maturity of sitcom audiences and the need to approach the genre in a more sensitive manner. The strength of Sal Vine as a single mother is a response to the feministic values explored in AbFab however Eddie failed as a single mother, leaving her daughter to her own devices and even, in effect, becoming the child in the relationship herself. These views are challenged by My Family, in that My Family represents the nuclear family both parents are shown to be a part of the upbringing of the children, however with various degrees of success showing the strengths and weaknesses of both the mother and father. Class distinction is also explored in Jam and Jerusalem, with Sals daughter Tash being a hippy and living on a commune with her illegitimate son at the beginning of the programme. Tashs alternative lifestyle is a focal point in the second series with her impending wedding to Spike a traditional wedding proves too expensive and complicated so the whole village, including the other members of the WI, pull together to create a home-grown gypsy wedding, showing that the differences between classes can be overcome by a common goal. Each sitcom studied reflects some aspect of society the class distinction and its associated friction in Fawlty Towers, family life in My Family and lifestyle choices in The Good Life and Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. Ultimately the sitcoms that we see today are echoes of the ones that have gone before. Whilst their setting and even content may have changed the underlying structure remains the same whilst the traditional family may have been replaced in such programmes as Two Pints, the essential format has remained the same. The reason for this development and renewal is that sitcoms need to change and evolve as society does a perfect family such as The Brady Bunch holds no real appeal to a modern audience as Two Pints or My Family because dysfunctional families are commonplace in modern life, and make plotlines about family life much easier to write. Sitcoms have a close link with the social and economic milieu from which they emerge, however, they are ultimately about people, and people do not change. Bibliography 1) http://www. mediaculture-online. e/fileadmin/bibliothek/stafford_sitcoms/stafford_sitcoms.pdf 2) Image and Representation Key Concepts in Media Studies Nick Lacey 1998 3) Narrative and Genre Key Concepts in Media Studies Nick Lacey 2000. 4) The Media Studies Reader Tim OSullivan and Yvonne Jewkes 1997 5) Exploring the Media Text, Industry, Audience Barbara Connell 2008 6) Media Studies AS and A2 Jacquie Bennett 2005 7) Media Studies Second Edition Stuart Price 1998 1 http://www. mediaculture-online. de/fileadmin/bibliothek/stafford_sitcoms/stafford_sitcoms. pdf 2 http://www. mediaculture-online. de/fileadmin/bibliothek/stafford_sitcoms/stafford_sitcoms. pdf.

Analysis of the Play Beauty and the Beast Essay -- Musicals Plays Beau

Analysis of the Play Beauty and the Beast Beauty and the Beast was an amazing musical, many say it was much better than the movie. Just like the movie. It starts off in a faraway land, with the Young Prince who lived in a shining castled. The prince was spoiled, selfish and unkind. An old beggar woman came to the castle and offered him a single rose in return for shelter from the bitter cold. Repulsed by her haggard appearance, the Prince sneered at the gift and turned the old woman away. The old woman warned him not to be deceived by appearances, for beauty is to be found within. And when he sent her away again, the old woman's ugliness melted away to reveal a beautiful enchantress. The Prince tried to apologise, but it was too late. As punishment, she transformed him into a hideous beast and placed a powerful spell on the castle and all who lived there. The Rose she had offered was truly an enchanted rose. If he could learn to love another and earn their love in return before the last petal fell, the spell would be br oken. If not, he would be doomed to remain a Beast for all time. In a little town, a young girl by the name of belle arrives. The Towns people despite their admiration for Belle's beauties think of Belle as odd and peculiar because of her favourite thing to do is to read. Gaston, a handsome, skilful hunter who has fallen in love with Belle. Gaston is obsessed with belle marrying him and will not give up. Meanwhile, Belle slips away and goes home to...

Evaluating Automobile Fuel Essay

The alternatives to liquid fuels are compressed gases and electric power, however, both are viewed as inferior by the automotive industry. The gases are inferior in terms of energy content per unit volume. Electric power may be stored on board a vehicle in a battery or (for a short time) in capacitors. However, batteries are regarded within the automotive industry as substandard compared to liquid fuels in terms of energy stored by unit weight and volume. Furthermore their cost is high, and the manufacture of some battery types involves large quantities of scarce or environmentally-threatening materials including cadmium, lead, lithium, nickel, sodium, sulphur and zinc. According to the already mentioned just-auto report entitled The future of road vehicle fuels – forecasts to 2020 (January 2008), the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2007 found that around 230m barrels of oil equivalent are required to meet global demand each day. Of this total, liquids account for the largest share of the 230m barrels (37%) followed by coal (23%) and natural gas (21%), leaving a 19% contribution from nuclear and sustainable sources. Of the liquids, however, transport use accounts for more than half (51%), with the remainder going to industry (32%), residential and commercial (11%) and power generation (6%). The residential and commercial share is mainly accounted for by oil-fired central heating, and the small power generation share by gas turbines running to meet peak loads. It follows that the transport sector share of the world energy market is just over half of 37%, in other words some 19% or just under one-fifth of the total. It should also be borne in mind that the transport sector is itself divided into light-duty vehicles (privately-owned passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles), heavy-duty vehicles, and other transport applications (aircraft, ships and diesel railway engines). The light-duty and heavy-duty sub-sectors take about 40% each, and the other applications some 20%. The search for improved efficiency in the transport sector must therefore embrace both light-duty and heavy-duty road vehicles.

Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue

This essay will undertake chiefly about the wellness topic that was assigned to the writer s group which is Tuberculosis, this so accounts for the mortality of several million people each twelvemonth chiefly, in the 3rd universe states. Health appraisal and background Introduction M. TB has been a plague for the human race for centuries. There is grounds to propose that it has perchance been endemic since at least 10, 000 BC. ( Suarez et al. , 2001 ) . At the present twenty-four hours, it is a disease which is increasing on a planetary graduated table ( WHO 2006 ) . Prevalence The WHO has been cardinal in the coordination of a figure of strategies which are targeted at guaranting that quality-assured TB programmes are rolled out in countries which are perceived to be at greatest demand ( WHO 2006 ) . These enterprises have resulted in a state of affairs globally, where 53 % of all people who are diagnosed with extremely morbific TB received intervention in conformity with the internationally recommended TB control scheme in 2004. This compares with 10 % in 1995 as an exemplifying illustration. The WHO reports that 84 % of this group were treated successfully ( WHO 2006 ) . The push of this determination is that, despite the fact that the incidence of TB in the United Kingdom is relatively low, easiness of modern travel allows exposure of the United Kingdom population to some populations where the incidence is well higher ( Scriven & A ; Garman, 2005 ) . The bulk of long term migrators, and many visitants travel from the states where there is a high incidence of active TB ( & gt ; 40 per 100,000 ) and enter states where the incidence is relatively low ( & lt ; 25 per 100,000 ) ( Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society, 2005 ) . To set this in position, the incidence of active TB in the native UK population is in the part of 4.4 per 100,000, and this contrasts with 121 210 per 100,000 in certain nonnative populations. The increased hazard of infectivity of foreign born subjects has been demonstrated to go on for up to 20 old ages after migration ( Baudette & A ; Ellis, 2004 ) . It clearly follows that, in low incidence states such as the UK, the nonnative population are responsible for the bulk of new instances of active TB. Studies put the existent incidence between 35 – 70 % of all new instances. ( Euro TB 2007 ) . Current showing and control steps In Western Europe, and North America, presently more than half of all new active TB instances diagnosed occur among nonnative recent migrators. ( Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, new wave Soolingen, de Haas, Veen & A ; van Embden 2008 ) Despite the high proportion of active instances now being found in usually low-incidence states which are attributable to nonnative occupants, the impact on the public wellness is comparatively low. A figure of recent surveies ( viz. ITA 2005 ) have demonstrated that the current thorax radiogram testing programmes in topographic point in the UK have small impact and are non cost-efficient. Screening of immigrants with sputum civilization has been demonstrated to better cost-effectiveness marginally. The intervention of latent infection which can be detected through testing with either tuberculin tegument proving or chest radiogram may necessitate the infliction of coercive steps for the mark populations to maximize impact and cost-effectiveness. ( Dahle, Sandve n, Heldal & A ; Caugant 2003 ) Some governments ( viz. Vernon 2010 ) nevertheless, suggest that, in contrast, contact tracing, peculiarly within cultural communities, appears to be more cost-effective and less intrusive. Taken in overview, in low-incidence states such as the United Kingdom, showing of immigrants at the point of entry appears to hold small overall impact and does non look to be a really cost-efficient TB control scheme. More effectual options have been suggested and these include contact following which is delivered through the primary attention substructure and, on a planetary graduated table, increased investing in planetary TB control ( Davies & A ; Macdowall 2006 ) . Rationale and mark group There are a immense figure of possible wellness promotion-related activities in this context. It is clearly beyond the range of a short reappraisal to see more than one facet in any grade of item. This reappraisal will therefore curtail its consideration to wellness publicity mechanisms which can be used to observe, hint and dainty immigrants to the United Kingdom from high TB incidence states. Evaluation of such steps can be from a figure of positions, in the current economic clime of the NHS, which is basically a rationed service, an appropriate appraising tool would be cost-effectiveness. ( Pender, Murdaugh & A ; Parsons 2002 ) . Clearly there are other positions, including acceptableness to the immigrant population ( which may be reflected in issues of conformity ) or the existent impact of a relatively little figure of instances of active TB in the community which could be dealt with by trust on the natural herd unsusceptibility of the population and contact tracing as suggested by Ewles ( Ewles 2005 ) The importance of such wellness publicity activities can be gauged from the fact that the bulk of new instances of TB amongst the immigrant population are attributed to a reactivation of a antecedently latent infection. This is most likely to happen within the 2 – 5 year following migration. ( 10 Asbroek, Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, et al. , 2006 ) . Molecular epidemiological surveies have besides shown that a little proportion of new instances can be acquired after migration, with the Chin survey proposing that this would be in the part of 20 – 30 % ( Chin, De Riemer & A ; Small 2006 ) . In the UK it has been demonstrated that the kids of nonnative occupants have higher degrees of active TB than the general population and this incidence is increased if regular visits are made to their state of beginning. ( Ormerod, Green & A ; Gray 2001 ) Policies: In the UK, specific consideration of the in-migration policy shows that the demand for testing is non cosmopolitan. Immigrants who are meaning to remain longer than 6 months either have to be screened for TB ( and some other complaints ) before come ining the UK or to be screened on reaching. Those who do non be after to remain more than 6 months or are merely tourers are non capable to showing, even those who are coming from a high hazard states. It is considered that it is impractical to test all in these classs and the primary wellness attention installations are expected to pick up sporadic instances opportunistically as they present in the population. If this is contrasted with the wellness publicity policy in the Philippines, one can observe that the scheme in the Phillipines has changed well in the last decennary. It has been noted that the incidence of drug-resistant TB is at its greatest in those with HIV, the urban hapless and the prison populations. The decrease in prevalence is greatest in these groups and the Government has reported that it has achieved a 34 % decrease in notified instances in the last decennary. The National Stop TB Partnership was introduced in 1994 and increasingly expanded. It combined with the National Interagency Coordination Strategy for TB in 2003. In bend, this was superseded with the National Strategic Plan in 2006 which has aimed to cut down the incidence of TB. It would look that the steps to test for TB in immigrants to the Philippines are limited with no demand for short term travelers to be screened. Consideration of the broad image of TB control in the Philippines suggests that the state has been fighting with the issue for many old ages. This has been hampered by considerable economic demands on authorities installations from other need-areas against an increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS, which is a major predisposing factor for the development of TB in this peculiar hazard group. Funding for TB control comes non merely from Philippine national resources but besides from international resources such as the Global Fund On a planetary graduated table the steps reported, and mostly instigated by the WHO, showed that the incidence of planetary TB peaked in 2004 and that the end of cut downing the 1990 mortality rate by half by 2015 appears to be on path, chiefly through the coordination of the DOTS programme. In specific consideration of footings of Health Promotion activity, testing for a peculiar disease is by and large considered justified if, in the frequently quoted analysis of Sackett et al. , the disease is comparatively common and treatable. The ideal screening trial should be cheap, easy to administrate, do no uncomfortableness to the patient, and offer both high sensitiveness and specificity. ( Sackett, Haynes & A ; Tugwell 1985 Pg 21 ) . Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue: Tuberculosis is said to be a high hazard catching type of disease that could endanger the wellness of the public one time this has non been traced, treated, and isolated. This, holding said can be fatal but most decidedly curable. It can be transmitted through a simple sneezing or cough by person who has been infected by this disease, the bacteriums can so be spread through the air and anyone nearby who can inhale it can acquire infected. The bacteriums normally dwell in the lungs, where it normally grows. It might remain and the organic structure s natural defence might discontinue the bacteriums from turning and become hibernating but one time the organic structure s immune system is at below par, this is where the danger sinks in ( WHO, 2007 ) . The manner of transmittal is undeniably effortless and giving therefore should be considered a menace to every person most particularly to the vulnerable groups ( the elderly, the babies, the pregnant adult females and those whose immune s ystem is depressed ) . Bradshaw s demands If one considers the wellness publicity issues from a theoretical point of view, one can observe that Bradshaw attempted to specify demands. Taking a social position Bradshaw categorised demands as normative ( distinguished by professionals, such as inoculation ) , felt ( wants, wants and desires ) , expressed ( vocalised demands or how people use services ) and comparative demands, which indicates that needs originating in one location may be similar for people with similar socio-demographic features populating in another location ( Bradshaw 1972 Pg 22 ) . This probe will be normative in this context as it will chiefly see the issue from the population needs as defined by health care professionals. ( Downie, Tannahill & A ; Tannahill 2002 ) . Need for testing Further accent for the demand for good wellness publicity activities comes from consideration of the economic effects of TB infection. In the USA ( where it is easier to quantify health-related disbursement ) the entire one-year outgo on TB was in surplus of $ 700 million even a few old ages ago. It is believed that a similar figure ( proportionate to the population ) is incurred in the UK. ( Brown, Miller & A ; Taylor 2005 ) Methodology The methodological analysis for this reappraisal has been to analyze and critically analyze the peer-reviewed literature on the topic and to deduce decisions from the grounds base thereby established Analysis of the activity Screening processs Screening programmes in the UK historically ( after WWII ) consisted of compulsory CXRs for all new immigrants. As the incidence of TB in the general population diminished, the cosmopolitan CXR was finally abandoned. It was besides the instance that it was discovered that the impact on the public wellness, in footings of a decrease of sputum-positive instances, overall morbidity or mortality, was negligible. ( Toman 1999 ) . The current policy in the UK is for immigrants to undergo CXR on reaching and so are later referred to the wellness authorization where they will later shack. Value of CXR The trouble here is that merely a really little proportion of immigrants who are screened with CXR are found to hold antecedently undiagnosed active pneumonic TB. Even from the high-incidence states it is & lt ; 1 % ( Blum, Polish, Tapy, Catlin & A ; Cohn 2003 ) . Paradoxically, it has been shown that the prevalence of instances of latent infection which are associated with CXR abnormalcies ( that is inactive TB and/or apical fibronodular disease ) is instead higher with Comstock et al. seting it at 3 – 5 % ( Comstock, Edwards & A ; , Livesay 2004 ) . From the public wellness point of view, one has to see that it is rather possible to hold latent TB infection with no CXR abnormalcies at all and between 35 – 42 % of instances fall into this class. ( Nolan & A ; Elarth 2005 ) Combination testing A more common and rational attack utilises a CXR to observe active tubercular disease and the tuberculin skin trial ( TST ) to observe any grade of latent infection. This method nevertheless, has non significantly reduced the incidence of TB in the community and hence one has top consider other methods of sensing such as phlegm civilizations, acid-fast staining and nucleic elaboration trials which are presently available. A figure of sero-assays and trials of cell-mediated unsusceptibility are being developed but should be considered under development at the present clip in this context. ( Wright, Walley, Philip, Petros & A ; Ford 2010 ) If one considers the wellness publicity deductions of showing of immigrants so one has to see the comparative virtues of each of these activities. It is normal pattern in the literature to compare each process to the gilded criterion of a positive phlegm civilization. As has already been outlined, the CXR has a low positive predictive value and this is found to be even lower in instances of HIV/AIDS infection. Schoch et Al. hold pointed out that the huge bulk of positive CXRs are really false positive consequences. ( Schoch, Rieder, Tueller, Altpeter, Zellweger, Rieder, Krause & A ; Turnheer 2007 ) Although sputum civilization is frequently referred to as the gilded criterion for diagnostic truth, one should observe that a individual civilization is no more sensitive than a CXR. It appears to be by and large accepted that a microbiological civilization of three to six phlegm samples is needed to be extremely sensitive for active pneumonic TB. The specificity of a TB civilization is really high and there are really few false positives and these by and large occur as a consequence of cross-contamination during research lab handling. ( Bothamley, Ditiu, Migliori & A ; Lange 2008 ) Some Centres presently use acid-fast staining as a mechanism to increase the effectual choice up rate. This proves to be more specific but less sensitive than a CXR. ( Bothamley, et Al. 2008 Smart analysis If one considers this wellness publicity attack from the position of a SMART analysis. It is surely specific as it is designed to aim TB instances from abroad. It is manageable to a grade as, within the targeted population, it is manageable by the presently bing health care mechanisms, either by direct showing of some of those persons perceived to be at hazard, or reach following if the initial showing is neither done or has a false negative result.. It is provably accomplishable as it is already in topographic point, there is a bigger inquiry as to whether cosmopolitan showing of all reachings in the UK is accomplishable and the current policy is dictated on the premise that it is non. ( Lalvani & A ; Pareek 2010 ) Relevance to the general Public Health is clear, as steps to curtail the spread of TB through the general population, peculiarly the drug immune strains, are clearly relevant. Time relation is more hard to measure as the policy is different for different immigrant groups. Those going on a short term clip graduated table ( less than six months ) are merely non screened. Some immigrants ( non all ) geting with the purpose of remaining longer than six months are screened. It would look that, in footings of clip consideration, some are screened prior to arrival and others after reaching in the UK so there is non a clearly defined reply to this inquiry. If considered from a strengths and failing point of view. The strengths are that the policy tends to aim long term immigrants, peculiarly from high hazard countries, which are the population group that are most likely to present a hazard to the general population. Clearly, holding identified those with active or latent TB, the mechanisms are available and active within the UK to adequately handle those who are identified and besides to reach hint and dainty any instances which may hold arisen through community contact with an identified septic person. The failings are that the current United kingdom policy allows in short term visitants, who may good be infected, unscreened, and relies on mechanisms of contact tracing and timeserving clinical intercession for new instances which arise periodically in the population. The short term ends for this current scheme appears to be to place those persons, chiefly from high hazard communities, who wish to shack long term in the UK and to either garbage admittance or to guarantee that they are on appropriate intervention prior to admittance to the UK. The longer term ends appear to be to cut down the exposure of the general UK population to instances of active and perchance drug-resistant TB from the immigrant population. This attack seems to be appropriate for the wellness publicity job which confronts the UK. It clearly is non perfect, as there is the possible for instances of TB to come into the state without any grade of medical showing, if they intend to be in the UK for less than six months. Although the official line is that TB requires prolonged contact in order to be a wellness hazard to another person, this is non purely true as there is no reputable grounds base to propose that contact has to be a lower limit of six months for transportation of TB between persons. ( Mack, Migliori, Sester, Reider, Ehklers & A ; Goletti et Al. 2009 ) Evaluation Cost effectivity When Dasgupta et Al. studied the comparative cost-effectiveness of these assorted mechanisms for sensing of TB they found that the costs of testing utilizing a sputum civilization method were really higher per capita, the cost per instance of active TB found would be lower when compared to CXR. This is besides reflected in the other methods which, although their costs may really be lower in footings of showing costs, because of their decreased specificity, the overall costs would be much higher. From a Health Promotion point of view nevertheless, this is non the whole narrative as the cost of testing is non overriding. This is because testing carried out with a trial with greater specificity, such as sputum civilization, would necessarily ensue in fewer false-positive trials. In bend, this would ensue in lower costs for the clinical probe of persons who had false-positive trials. The importance of this remark is that the 2nd phase of a medical probe is more expensive than all screening trials. ( Dasgupta & A ; Menzies 2005 ) Latent disease sensing Although the obvious impact of wellness publicity would be directed at the sensing and appropriate intervention of active TB. If one is sing the immigrant population of the UK, so latent signifiers of the disease processes are merely every bit of import to observe. As has already been discussed, phlegm trials are of no value and CXRs are of merely minimum value in this status. The TST is a trial which depends on the development of cell-mediated immune responses which merely occurs at some clip after exposure to the TB being. It is carried out by injection and is demonstrated to be positive with the development of skin sclerosis within 48 – 72 hours. Although this trial is considered to be the most effectual for the sensing of latent infection, in the presence of active infection between 10 47 % of patients will hold a falsely negative trial. ( Erkens, Slump, Kamphorst, Keizer, new wave Gerven, Bwire, Berkel & A ; Borgdorff 2008 ) Health publicity benefits Health publicity considerations suggest that, in the USA at least, the TST trial is given to all immigrants who have come from a state of high TB incidence. The presence of latent infection amongst immigrants to the UK is presently about 30 75 % depending on state of beginning. A positive trial is normally followed up with a class of INH which will cut down the hazard of farther spread through the population. It should be noted that false positive consequences can happen with a past history of BCG inoculation every bit good as exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacterium, both contingencies being common among appliers from developing states. In a unusually elaborate survey, once more carried out in the USA ( chiefly for grounds of finding costs ) Saraiya et Al. calculated the cost-effectiveness of a Health Promotion enterprise which offered TNT testing to all new immigrants to the state. The inside informations of the survey are highly complex but, in kernel, the writers found that, in the twelvemonth 2002, without TST showing, 13,933 instances of active TB instances could be predicted, but, if a TNT showing programme together with isoniazid intervention was instituted, so 4,342 instances would be expected. The computations suggested that the net cost to the state without TST testing would be estimated at $ 338 million, and this compares to the cost with TST testing in the part of $ 258 million. ( Saraiya, Cookson & A ; Tribble et Al. 2002 ) . These costings, although taking into history a immense figure of factors, do hold some defects such as there is no accounting of the set up costs of such a Health Promotion programme. The writers translated these figures into a net economy of $ 8,320 per instance of TB prevented. Any wellness publicity strategy has besides to take note of the fact that this is non an ideal universe which can be absolutely mathematically modelled and the Saraiya et Al. survey did non do allowances for factors such as any immigrant refusing to undergo TST proving or failure of those who did prove positive with TST to describe for subsequent medical rating. There is besides the possibility that the immigrants my garbage to get down the therapy if it is deemed to be appropriate. ( Naidoo & A ; Wills 2005 ) Conformity Unfortunately such factors are non merely theoretical, they appear to interpret into pattern with surveies such as Cain et Al. showing that jobs such as these were responsible for a really significant decrease in the overall effectivity of the Health Promotion programme, as merely between 11 30 % of immigrants who had a positive TST trial were found to hold successfully completed an appropriate class of antimycobacterial therapy. ( Cain, Haley, Armstrong, Garman, Wells, Iademarco, Castro & A ; Laserson 2007 ) . From a clinical point of view there is a farther complication nevertheless, and that appears to be that there is a sub-group of persons with latent TB who have unnatural CXRs and who are at an increased hazard of reactivation. Cain et Al. point out that hence CXR followed by TST showing may be a more effectual Health Promotion scheme and may be more cost effectual if it consequences in the eventual intervention of fewer immigrants who have latent infection, but who are at a greater hazard of reactivation. This protocol was investigated by Shwartzmann et Al. and, utilizing a Markov theoretical account, the writers attempted to work out the costings involved. Although the methodological analysis was non every bit rigorous as that employed by Saraiya et al. , they were able to reason that, in those immigrants who had latent tubercular disease with abnormalcies found on the CXR, a important figure could be targeted and prevented from reactivation. ( Schwartz adult male & A ; Menzies 2004 ) . Education and conformity In the context of patient instruction, one can observe that this survey besides found that of the 353 patients who constituted the entry cohort, merely 145 really completed the preventive therapy class. It is non clear from the survey whether this group merely was lost to follow up or the health care professionals merely did non acquire over the message of the importance of taking the medicine, which may look counterintuitive to an immigrant who really has no obvious symptoms. Hazard issues If these wellness publicity steps were translated into the likely scenario of an immigrant coming to the UK from a high TB prevalence state, so Kik et Al. suggest that if the premise is made that the prevalence of latent TB was 50 % of all TB instances, so merely supplying CXR would be probably to forestall 1.2 active instances per 1,000 immigrants screened and the usage of the TST trial would be probably to forestall 2.9 instances per 1,000 immigrants screened. ( Kik, Franken, Mensen, Coblens, Kamphorst, Arend & A ; Erkens 2010 ) . The TST government would be more expensive, non least because it would be expected to place a larger figure of low-risk persons every bit good as the group of as false-positive reactors who would all hence be considered campaigners for chemoprophylaxis. Contact following as wellness publicity activity Although this reappraisal has considered the wellness publicity effects of testing at immigrant entry to the UK, there is besides the mechanism of contact following which, a figure of surveies ( viz. Hardy, Varma, Collyns, Moffitt, Mullarkey & A ; Watson 2010 ) have concluded, is besides a cost-efficient manner of restricting TB spread. The set up of the primary wellness attention construction in the UK is suited for such steps as community based contact following squads can be geographically positioned. Some of the early surveies ( viz Omerod 1993 ) estimated that 1 % of all immigrant contacts had active TB at the clip of the initial showing process and, at least at the clip of the survey, 10 % of all active TB instances which were later treated were identified entirely through the mechanism of following the contacts of those who were found to be positive. Such a mechanism is besides cost-efficient with Grzybowski et Al. showing that, in an entry cohort of 244 immigrants, 103 contac ts were traced and 6 were found to hold active disease. ( Grzybowski, Fishaut, Rowe & A ; Brown 2001 ) . The writers besides found that, because of the personal intercession of the health care professionals, there was a high conformity and intervention completion rate amongst this group. The big Underwood et Al. survey, which was completed in the UK, in a badly economically deprived country with chiefly Bangladeshi immigrants, went farther and demonstrated that contact following really proved to be more efficient than testing of new entrants at the point of entry. Using contact following entirely, the writers found 13 instances of active TB from contacts of 322 new immigrants. ( Underwood, White, Baker, Law & A ; Moore-Gillon 2003 ) Decisions In decision, it is clear that wellness publicity requires designation of those immigrants who have active or latent TB and who arrive in the UK in appreciable Numberss. It is clear that there is no 1 showing technique which will adequately cover with all contingencies. Assessment and rating of the assorted techniques described demonstrate that each has peculiar strengths and failings. A considered combination of CXR and TST together with appropriate contact following appears to offer the most effectual mechanism for aiming intervention for those in demand and to understate the likeliness of farther disease transmittal. It is clearly problematic whether a showing programme which considers all immigrants ( peculiarly those from high hazard states ) is either executable of economically practical or whether the combination attack outlined above is a matter-of-fact via media which keeps the bulk of the active instances out of the UK with maximal cost effectivity