Philosophy Token vs. Dualism or New Theory Essay

Philosophy Token vs. Dualism or New Theory - Essay Example In recognition of the mental states in relation to the brain, the Token Theory of mind upholds the analogy of realizations and supposes that the individual thought is identical with the individual brain state in which it corresponds. This philosophy reasoned that if mental states is a cacophony of thought processes then most likely it is identical to the internal state of the brain. In simplified terms; it is interaction of mind and body and the interaction of physical processes in the brain and parts of the body via the nervous system and there is nothing more than physical in the way it functions. Smart (1956) said that the mental state's 'desire for a cup of coffee' would thus be nothing more than the "firing of certain neurons in certain brain regions". The mental phenomenon is then equated with the processes of the brain and is actually considered as the fundamental features of the brain. A heavy challenge under this theory would fall under the category of need. The explanation seems to relay the idea that humans regardless of affiliation feel hunger and hunger is identical to a certain brain state. Each mental state is said to be identical to an individual brain state without any categorization. ... Dualism meanwhile is a complex model that divides the human beings into two substances of matter and mind and separates the mind from the body. In Plato and Aristotle both maintained, for different reasons, "that a man's 'intelligence' (as a faculty of the mind or soul) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of his physical body". In a non-physical form, dualism exists to identify the mind as the control factor in movements along with other components. Dualism however explains the property of the physical (skin, bones and the entire system of the human body) in response to the mental (thoughts and feelings). For example, in simple dualism: a needle puncturing your finger is a physical trauma and causes you to perceive pain; as a physical response one either withdraws the hand or voice out a verbal reaction to pain. In other words there is direct physical interaction between the mind and the body. In more complex dualistic setting and explanation: when one sees a car, the input is placed on the senses and sends out signals through the senses which interpret the experience in the brain whereby a mental image is produced. Scientifically this could be acceptable, but the simplest is always the best answer when trying to find the most natural relation to a human's mind. Despite a certain initial clarity, the token identity theory is still faced with a heavy challenge in the form of the Putnam's(1967) multiple realizations. If this is a difference however, then pain cannot be identical to a certain brain state and thus the identity theory is empirically unfounded for her. It dwells on the neurological aspect of the mind and the

Values of society Essay Example for Free

Values of society Essay This in itself is interesting and is perhaps representative of the modern day fear of corruption from foreign sources for example, Donna goes to That London for a job interview and returns a slightly deranged, career driven woman, so concerned with herself and her work that she fails to notice both that one best friend has gone into labour and the other has gone off with Gaz, Donnas boyfriend. This does however hark back to the values of the pre-90s sitcoms like Steptoe and Son and The Good Life that family (and in this context this refers to the close knit group of friends) comes first. A lot of the humour in the traditional British sitcoms is derived from class distinction and the contrasts between these two classes this is particularly evident in The Good Life, in which Tom and Barbara Good decide to give up working for a living and instead enjoy a self-sustained lifestyle. This is in great contrast to their neighbours and friends, the Leadbetters, who are very upper class and disparaging of Tom and Barbaras new lifestyle choice. The majority of disequilibrium (as relating to Todorovs theory) came from a problem the Goods faced in maintaining their self-sufficiency whether it be a lapse back into middle-class for Barbara or Toms pigheadedness causing a minor problem to develop. They are continually challenged by Margot Leadbetter, who is a stereotypical snob with no sense of humour, who tolerates but doesnt understand their choice at all. While The Good Life was being produced in the 1970s, a revival of sorts was taking place concerning self-sufficiency and the growing snobbery of the middle class. The show was hailed as a great support to the cause as it showed it in a very positive light Tom and Barbara face a great deal of adversity in turning their South London home into a small farm, however they always overcome these issues and equilibrium is restored. Margots complete misunderstanding when it comes to self-sufficiency is representative of the snobbery of the middle-class towards those beneath them why should you do the work by, for example, growing your own food, when you can just drive to the shops and buy it? However Tom and Barbara get a good deal of joy from producing their own goods with varying degrees of success, and despite Margots disapproval, they are happy its a very positive message, that you dont need material worth to have a good life. The character of Margot can be seen as a precursor to the character of Hyacinth Bucket on Keeping Up Appearances, a caricature of a middle class social climber. It again employed class distinction as the main source of comedy, that is between Hyacinth and her unemployed sister Daisy, her husband Onslow and younger sister Rose who are an exaggeration of the working class, in that they dont do any work at all and instead spend all day in front of the television. The driving point of Keeping Up Appearances is that Hyacinth, forever striving to be higher in the community, is never happy, while Daisy, Onslow, Rose and Daddy are quite literally happy as pigs in muck. This is further explored in Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, where the main cast (with the possible exception of Donna) have no ambition whatsoever and are completely happy to just continue with their working class lifestyle. British sitcoms tend to be very character driven a prime example of this is My Family, an exploration of the life of long-suffering dentist Ben Harper and his equally long-suffering family. Propps character theory can be applied thus Ben, the protagonist and hero, his wife Susan, the secondary hero, his son Nick, the idiot who provides comic relief, his daughter Janey the princess, and his son Michael, who acts as the donor, often providing Ben with the means to achieve his goals at a price. Each family member also periodically acts as the villain, the antagonist to Ben. The sitcom, then, is very formulaic the hero wants something (usually peace and quiet, in My Family), the antagonist has it or the ability to make it happen. This formula acts as something of a comfort blanket to the audience they are aware that whatever happens to the characters, it will be resolved and the status quo restored by the end of the episode these are the audience expectations of the sitcom genre regardless of the era it was produced in, therefore the basic structure of the sitcom has not been changed more than a slight amount to reflect society. The idea of a nuclear family in sitcoms is not a new one, in recent years however it has become more common to challenge this view Jam and Jerusalem is one such example. In the first episode the village doctor Mike Vine dies and leaves his wife Sal as a single parent. Sals children are grown up but her nature and role as village nurse, along with her inception into the village chapter of the Womens Institute, means she effectively acts as a parent to much of the community. Jam and Jerusalem also challenges social ideals by including a character afflicted by a mental illness Rosie Bales, a middle aged woman with the mentality of a child, has an angry and violent alter ego known as Margaret. This inclusion is an attempt to challenge the stigma of mental illness as a weakness and presents Rosie as a functioning member of society, even holding down a job at the local cheese factory and being a member of the WI. Jam and Jerusalem is considered a very down to earth sitcom, in that it doesnt utilise situations unusual to the surroundings it doesnt attempt to jump the shark, a phrase coined to describe the growing desperation of the producers of the sitcom Happy Days who created ever more bizarre plotlines in an attempt to eke out further profits. Set in the rural Cornish town of Clatterford, disequilibrium is caused by everyday situations such as the death of a family member or a bad harvest affecting the income of farmers. By doing so the producers have appealed to a wider audience, not merely interested in watching a programme which is, in effect, the same format every episode, but realistic situations and a life they can relate to. This is a reflection of the growing maturity of sitcom audiences and the need to approach the genre in a more sensitive manner. The strength of Sal Vine as a single mother is a response to the feministic values explored in AbFab however Eddie failed as a single mother, leaving her daughter to her own devices and even, in effect, becoming the child in the relationship herself. These views are challenged by My Family, in that My Family represents the nuclear family both parents are shown to be a part of the upbringing of the children, however with various degrees of success showing the strengths and weaknesses of both the mother and father. Class distinction is also explored in Jam and Jerusalem, with Sals daughter Tash being a hippy and living on a commune with her illegitimate son at the beginning of the programme. Tashs alternative lifestyle is a focal point in the second series with her impending wedding to Spike a traditional wedding proves too expensive and complicated so the whole village, including the other members of the WI, pull together to create a home-grown gypsy wedding, showing that the differences between classes can be overcome by a common goal. Each sitcom studied reflects some aspect of society the class distinction and its associated friction in Fawlty Towers, family life in My Family and lifestyle choices in The Good Life and Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps. Ultimately the sitcoms that we see today are echoes of the ones that have gone before. Whilst their setting and even content may have changed the underlying structure remains the same whilst the traditional family may have been replaced in such programmes as Two Pints, the essential format has remained the same. The reason for this development and renewal is that sitcoms need to change and evolve as society does a perfect family such as The Brady Bunch holds no real appeal to a modern audience as Two Pints or My Family because dysfunctional families are commonplace in modern life, and make plotlines about family life much easier to write. Sitcoms have a close link with the social and economic milieu from which they emerge, however, they are ultimately about people, and people do not change. Bibliography 1) http://www. mediaculture-online. e/fileadmin/bibliothek/stafford_sitcoms/stafford_sitcoms.pdf 2) Image and Representation Key Concepts in Media Studies Nick Lacey 1998 3) Narrative and Genre Key Concepts in Media Studies Nick Lacey 2000. 4) The Media Studies Reader Tim OSullivan and Yvonne Jewkes 1997 5) Exploring the Media Text, Industry, Audience Barbara Connell 2008 6) Media Studies AS and A2 Jacquie Bennett 2005 7) Media Studies Second Edition Stuart Price 1998 1 http://www. mediaculture-online. de/fileadmin/bibliothek/stafford_sitcoms/stafford_sitcoms. pdf 2 http://www. mediaculture-online. de/fileadmin/bibliothek/stafford_sitcoms/stafford_sitcoms. pdf.

Analysis of the Play Beauty and the Beast Essay -- Musicals Plays Beau

Analysis of the Play Beauty and the Beast Beauty and the Beast was an amazing musical, many say it was much better than the movie. Just like the movie. It starts off in a faraway land, with the Young Prince who lived in a shining castled. The prince was spoiled, selfish and unkind. An old beggar woman came to the castle and offered him a single rose in return for shelter from the bitter cold. Repulsed by her haggard appearance, the Prince sneered at the gift and turned the old woman away. The old woman warned him not to be deceived by appearances, for beauty is to be found within. And when he sent her away again, the old woman's ugliness melted away to reveal a beautiful enchantress. The Prince tried to apologise, but it was too late. As punishment, she transformed him into a hideous beast and placed a powerful spell on the castle and all who lived there. The Rose she had offered was truly an enchanted rose. If he could learn to love another and earn their love in return before the last petal fell, the spell would be br oken. If not, he would be doomed to remain a Beast for all time. In a little town, a young girl by the name of belle arrives. The Towns people despite their admiration for Belle's beauties think of Belle as odd and peculiar because of her favourite thing to do is to read. Gaston, a handsome, skilful hunter who has fallen in love with Belle. Gaston is obsessed with belle marrying him and will not give up. Meanwhile, Belle slips away and goes home to...

Evaluating Automobile Fuel Essay

The alternatives to liquid fuels are compressed gases and electric power, however, both are viewed as inferior by the automotive industry. The gases are inferior in terms of energy content per unit volume. Electric power may be stored on board a vehicle in a battery or (for a short time) in capacitors. However, batteries are regarded within the automotive industry as substandard compared to liquid fuels in terms of energy stored by unit weight and volume. Furthermore their cost is high, and the manufacture of some battery types involves large quantities of scarce or environmentally-threatening materials including cadmium, lead, lithium, nickel, sodium, sulphur and zinc. According to the already mentioned just-auto report entitled The future of road vehicle fuels – forecasts to 2020 (January 2008), the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2007 found that around 230m barrels of oil equivalent are required to meet global demand each day. Of this total, liquids account for the largest share of the 230m barrels (37%) followed by coal (23%) and natural gas (21%), leaving a 19% contribution from nuclear and sustainable sources. Of the liquids, however, transport use accounts for more than half (51%), with the remainder going to industry (32%), residential and commercial (11%) and power generation (6%). The residential and commercial share is mainly accounted for by oil-fired central heating, and the small power generation share by gas turbines running to meet peak loads. It follows that the transport sector share of the world energy market is just over half of 37%, in other words some 19% or just under one-fifth of the total. It should also be borne in mind that the transport sector is itself divided into light-duty vehicles (privately-owned passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles), heavy-duty vehicles, and other transport applications (aircraft, ships and diesel railway engines). The light-duty and heavy-duty sub-sectors take about 40% each, and the other applications some 20%. The search for improved efficiency in the transport sector must therefore embrace both light-duty and heavy-duty road vehicles.

Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue

This essay will undertake chiefly about the wellness topic that was assigned to the writer s group which is Tuberculosis, this so accounts for the mortality of several million people each twelvemonth chiefly, in the 3rd universe states. Health appraisal and background Introduction M. TB has been a plague for the human race for centuries. There is grounds to propose that it has perchance been endemic since at least 10, 000 BC. ( Suarez et al. , 2001 ) . At the present twenty-four hours, it is a disease which is increasing on a planetary graduated table ( WHO 2006 ) . Prevalence The WHO has been cardinal in the coordination of a figure of strategies which are targeted at guaranting that quality-assured TB programmes are rolled out in countries which are perceived to be at greatest demand ( WHO 2006 ) . These enterprises have resulted in a state of affairs globally, where 53 % of all people who are diagnosed with extremely morbific TB received intervention in conformity with the internationally recommended TB control scheme in 2004. This compares with 10 % in 1995 as an exemplifying illustration. The WHO reports that 84 % of this group were treated successfully ( WHO 2006 ) . The push of this determination is that, despite the fact that the incidence of TB in the United Kingdom is relatively low, easiness of modern travel allows exposure of the United Kingdom population to some populations where the incidence is well higher ( Scriven & A ; Garman, 2005 ) . The bulk of long term migrators, and many visitants travel from the states where there is a high incidence of active TB ( & gt ; 40 per 100,000 ) and enter states where the incidence is relatively low ( & lt ; 25 per 100,000 ) ( Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society, 2005 ) . To set this in position, the incidence of active TB in the native UK population is in the part of 4.4 per 100,000, and this contrasts with 121 210 per 100,000 in certain nonnative populations. The increased hazard of infectivity of foreign born subjects has been demonstrated to go on for up to 20 old ages after migration ( Baudette & A ; Ellis, 2004 ) . It clearly follows that, in low incidence states such as the UK, the nonnative population are responsible for the bulk of new instances of active TB. Studies put the existent incidence between 35 – 70 % of all new instances. ( Euro TB 2007 ) . Current showing and control steps In Western Europe, and North America, presently more than half of all new active TB instances diagnosed occur among nonnative recent migrators. ( Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, new wave Soolingen, de Haas, Veen & A ; van Embden 2008 ) Despite the high proportion of active instances now being found in usually low-incidence states which are attributable to nonnative occupants, the impact on the public wellness is comparatively low. A figure of recent surveies ( viz. ITA 2005 ) have demonstrated that the current thorax radiogram testing programmes in topographic point in the UK have small impact and are non cost-efficient. Screening of immigrants with sputum civilization has been demonstrated to better cost-effectiveness marginally. The intervention of latent infection which can be detected through testing with either tuberculin tegument proving or chest radiogram may necessitate the infliction of coercive steps for the mark populations to maximize impact and cost-effectiveness. ( Dahle, Sandve n, Heldal & A ; Caugant 2003 ) Some governments ( viz. Vernon 2010 ) nevertheless, suggest that, in contrast, contact tracing, peculiarly within cultural communities, appears to be more cost-effective and less intrusive. Taken in overview, in low-incidence states such as the United Kingdom, showing of immigrants at the point of entry appears to hold small overall impact and does non look to be a really cost-efficient TB control scheme. More effectual options have been suggested and these include contact following which is delivered through the primary attention substructure and, on a planetary graduated table, increased investing in planetary TB control ( Davies & A ; Macdowall 2006 ) . Rationale and mark group There are a immense figure of possible wellness promotion-related activities in this context. It is clearly beyond the range of a short reappraisal to see more than one facet in any grade of item. This reappraisal will therefore curtail its consideration to wellness publicity mechanisms which can be used to observe, hint and dainty immigrants to the United Kingdom from high TB incidence states. Evaluation of such steps can be from a figure of positions, in the current economic clime of the NHS, which is basically a rationed service, an appropriate appraising tool would be cost-effectiveness. ( Pender, Murdaugh & A ; Parsons 2002 ) . Clearly there are other positions, including acceptableness to the immigrant population ( which may be reflected in issues of conformity ) or the existent impact of a relatively little figure of instances of active TB in the community which could be dealt with by trust on the natural herd unsusceptibility of the population and contact tracing as suggested by Ewles ( Ewles 2005 ) The importance of such wellness publicity activities can be gauged from the fact that the bulk of new instances of TB amongst the immigrant population are attributed to a reactivation of a antecedently latent infection. This is most likely to happen within the 2 – 5 year following migration. ( 10 Asbroek, Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, et al. , 2006 ) . Molecular epidemiological surveies have besides shown that a little proportion of new instances can be acquired after migration, with the Chin survey proposing that this would be in the part of 20 – 30 % ( Chin, De Riemer & A ; Small 2006 ) . In the UK it has been demonstrated that the kids of nonnative occupants have higher degrees of active TB than the general population and this incidence is increased if regular visits are made to their state of beginning. ( Ormerod, Green & A ; Gray 2001 ) Policies: In the UK, specific consideration of the in-migration policy shows that the demand for testing is non cosmopolitan. Immigrants who are meaning to remain longer than 6 months either have to be screened for TB ( and some other complaints ) before come ining the UK or to be screened on reaching. Those who do non be after to remain more than 6 months or are merely tourers are non capable to showing, even those who are coming from a high hazard states. It is considered that it is impractical to test all in these classs and the primary wellness attention installations are expected to pick up sporadic instances opportunistically as they present in the population. If this is contrasted with the wellness publicity policy in the Philippines, one can observe that the scheme in the Phillipines has changed well in the last decennary. It has been noted that the incidence of drug-resistant TB is at its greatest in those with HIV, the urban hapless and the prison populations. The decrease in prevalence is greatest in these groups and the Government has reported that it has achieved a 34 % decrease in notified instances in the last decennary. The National Stop TB Partnership was introduced in 1994 and increasingly expanded. It combined with the National Interagency Coordination Strategy for TB in 2003. In bend, this was superseded with the National Strategic Plan in 2006 which has aimed to cut down the incidence of TB. It would look that the steps to test for TB in immigrants to the Philippines are limited with no demand for short term travelers to be screened. Consideration of the broad image of TB control in the Philippines suggests that the state has been fighting with the issue for many old ages. This has been hampered by considerable economic demands on authorities installations from other need-areas against an increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS, which is a major predisposing factor for the development of TB in this peculiar hazard group. Funding for TB control comes non merely from Philippine national resources but besides from international resources such as the Global Fund On a planetary graduated table the steps reported, and mostly instigated by the WHO, showed that the incidence of planetary TB peaked in 2004 and that the end of cut downing the 1990 mortality rate by half by 2015 appears to be on path, chiefly through the coordination of the DOTS programme. In specific consideration of footings of Health Promotion activity, testing for a peculiar disease is by and large considered justified if, in the frequently quoted analysis of Sackett et al. , the disease is comparatively common and treatable. The ideal screening trial should be cheap, easy to administrate, do no uncomfortableness to the patient, and offer both high sensitiveness and specificity. ( Sackett, Haynes & A ; Tugwell 1985 Pg 21 ) . Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue: Tuberculosis is said to be a high hazard catching type of disease that could endanger the wellness of the public one time this has non been traced, treated, and isolated. This, holding said can be fatal but most decidedly curable. It can be transmitted through a simple sneezing or cough by person who has been infected by this disease, the bacteriums can so be spread through the air and anyone nearby who can inhale it can acquire infected. The bacteriums normally dwell in the lungs, where it normally grows. It might remain and the organic structure s natural defence might discontinue the bacteriums from turning and become hibernating but one time the organic structure s immune system is at below par, this is where the danger sinks in ( WHO, 2007 ) . The manner of transmittal is undeniably effortless and giving therefore should be considered a menace to every person most particularly to the vulnerable groups ( the elderly, the babies, the pregnant adult females and those whose immune s ystem is depressed ) . Bradshaw s demands If one considers the wellness publicity issues from a theoretical point of view, one can observe that Bradshaw attempted to specify demands. Taking a social position Bradshaw categorised demands as normative ( distinguished by professionals, such as inoculation ) , felt ( wants, wants and desires ) , expressed ( vocalised demands or how people use services ) and comparative demands, which indicates that needs originating in one location may be similar for people with similar socio-demographic features populating in another location ( Bradshaw 1972 Pg 22 ) . This probe will be normative in this context as it will chiefly see the issue from the population needs as defined by health care professionals. ( Downie, Tannahill & A ; Tannahill 2002 ) . Need for testing Further accent for the demand for good wellness publicity activities comes from consideration of the economic effects of TB infection. In the USA ( where it is easier to quantify health-related disbursement ) the entire one-year outgo on TB was in surplus of $ 700 million even a few old ages ago. It is believed that a similar figure ( proportionate to the population ) is incurred in the UK. ( Brown, Miller & A ; Taylor 2005 ) Methodology The methodological analysis for this reappraisal has been to analyze and critically analyze the peer-reviewed literature on the topic and to deduce decisions from the grounds base thereby established Analysis of the activity Screening processs Screening programmes in the UK historically ( after WWII ) consisted of compulsory CXRs for all new immigrants. As the incidence of TB in the general population diminished, the cosmopolitan CXR was finally abandoned. It was besides the instance that it was discovered that the impact on the public wellness, in footings of a decrease of sputum-positive instances, overall morbidity or mortality, was negligible. ( Toman 1999 ) . The current policy in the UK is for immigrants to undergo CXR on reaching and so are later referred to the wellness authorization where they will later shack. Value of CXR The trouble here is that merely a really little proportion of immigrants who are screened with CXR are found to hold antecedently undiagnosed active pneumonic TB. Even from the high-incidence states it is & lt ; 1 % ( Blum, Polish, Tapy, Catlin & A ; Cohn 2003 ) . Paradoxically, it has been shown that the prevalence of instances of latent infection which are associated with CXR abnormalcies ( that is inactive TB and/or apical fibronodular disease ) is instead higher with Comstock et al. seting it at 3 – 5 % ( Comstock, Edwards & A ; , Livesay 2004 ) . From the public wellness point of view, one has to see that it is rather possible to hold latent TB infection with no CXR abnormalcies at all and between 35 – 42 % of instances fall into this class. ( Nolan & A ; Elarth 2005 ) Combination testing A more common and rational attack utilises a CXR to observe active tubercular disease and the tuberculin skin trial ( TST ) to observe any grade of latent infection. This method nevertheless, has non significantly reduced the incidence of TB in the community and hence one has top consider other methods of sensing such as phlegm civilizations, acid-fast staining and nucleic elaboration trials which are presently available. A figure of sero-assays and trials of cell-mediated unsusceptibility are being developed but should be considered under development at the present clip in this context. ( Wright, Walley, Philip, Petros & A ; Ford 2010 ) If one considers the wellness publicity deductions of showing of immigrants so one has to see the comparative virtues of each of these activities. It is normal pattern in the literature to compare each process to the gilded criterion of a positive phlegm civilization. As has already been outlined, the CXR has a low positive predictive value and this is found to be even lower in instances of HIV/AIDS infection. Schoch et Al. hold pointed out that the huge bulk of positive CXRs are really false positive consequences. ( Schoch, Rieder, Tueller, Altpeter, Zellweger, Rieder, Krause & A ; Turnheer 2007 ) Although sputum civilization is frequently referred to as the gilded criterion for diagnostic truth, one should observe that a individual civilization is no more sensitive than a CXR. It appears to be by and large accepted that a microbiological civilization of three to six phlegm samples is needed to be extremely sensitive for active pneumonic TB. The specificity of a TB civilization is really high and there are really few false positives and these by and large occur as a consequence of cross-contamination during research lab handling. ( Bothamley, Ditiu, Migliori & A ; Lange 2008 ) Some Centres presently use acid-fast staining as a mechanism to increase the effectual choice up rate. This proves to be more specific but less sensitive than a CXR. ( Bothamley, et Al. 2008 Smart analysis If one considers this wellness publicity attack from the position of a SMART analysis. It is surely specific as it is designed to aim TB instances from abroad. It is manageable to a grade as, within the targeted population, it is manageable by the presently bing health care mechanisms, either by direct showing of some of those persons perceived to be at hazard, or reach following if the initial showing is neither done or has a false negative result.. It is provably accomplishable as it is already in topographic point, there is a bigger inquiry as to whether cosmopolitan showing of all reachings in the UK is accomplishable and the current policy is dictated on the premise that it is non. ( Lalvani & A ; Pareek 2010 ) Relevance to the general Public Health is clear, as steps to curtail the spread of TB through the general population, peculiarly the drug immune strains, are clearly relevant. Time relation is more hard to measure as the policy is different for different immigrant groups. Those going on a short term clip graduated table ( less than six months ) are merely non screened. Some immigrants ( non all ) geting with the purpose of remaining longer than six months are screened. It would look that, in footings of clip consideration, some are screened prior to arrival and others after reaching in the UK so there is non a clearly defined reply to this inquiry. If considered from a strengths and failing point of view. The strengths are that the policy tends to aim long term immigrants, peculiarly from high hazard countries, which are the population group that are most likely to present a hazard to the general population. Clearly, holding identified those with active or latent TB, the mechanisms are available and active within the UK to adequately handle those who are identified and besides to reach hint and dainty any instances which may hold arisen through community contact with an identified septic person. The failings are that the current United kingdom policy allows in short term visitants, who may good be infected, unscreened, and relies on mechanisms of contact tracing and timeserving clinical intercession for new instances which arise periodically in the population. The short term ends for this current scheme appears to be to place those persons, chiefly from high hazard communities, who wish to shack long term in the UK and to either garbage admittance or to guarantee that they are on appropriate intervention prior to admittance to the UK. The longer term ends appear to be to cut down the exposure of the general UK population to instances of active and perchance drug-resistant TB from the immigrant population. This attack seems to be appropriate for the wellness publicity job which confronts the UK. It clearly is non perfect, as there is the possible for instances of TB to come into the state without any grade of medical showing, if they intend to be in the UK for less than six months. Although the official line is that TB requires prolonged contact in order to be a wellness hazard to another person, this is non purely true as there is no reputable grounds base to propose that contact has to be a lower limit of six months for transportation of TB between persons. ( Mack, Migliori, Sester, Reider, Ehklers & A ; Goletti et Al. 2009 ) Evaluation Cost effectivity When Dasgupta et Al. studied the comparative cost-effectiveness of these assorted mechanisms for sensing of TB they found that the costs of testing utilizing a sputum civilization method were really higher per capita, the cost per instance of active TB found would be lower when compared to CXR. This is besides reflected in the other methods which, although their costs may really be lower in footings of showing costs, because of their decreased specificity, the overall costs would be much higher. From a Health Promotion point of view nevertheless, this is non the whole narrative as the cost of testing is non overriding. This is because testing carried out with a trial with greater specificity, such as sputum civilization, would necessarily ensue in fewer false-positive trials. In bend, this would ensue in lower costs for the clinical probe of persons who had false-positive trials. The importance of this remark is that the 2nd phase of a medical probe is more expensive than all screening trials. ( Dasgupta & A ; Menzies 2005 ) Latent disease sensing Although the obvious impact of wellness publicity would be directed at the sensing and appropriate intervention of active TB. If one is sing the immigrant population of the UK, so latent signifiers of the disease processes are merely every bit of import to observe. As has already been discussed, phlegm trials are of no value and CXRs are of merely minimum value in this status. The TST is a trial which depends on the development of cell-mediated immune responses which merely occurs at some clip after exposure to the TB being. It is carried out by injection and is demonstrated to be positive with the development of skin sclerosis within 48 – 72 hours. Although this trial is considered to be the most effectual for the sensing of latent infection, in the presence of active infection between 10 47 % of patients will hold a falsely negative trial. ( Erkens, Slump, Kamphorst, Keizer, new wave Gerven, Bwire, Berkel & A ; Borgdorff 2008 ) Health publicity benefits Health publicity considerations suggest that, in the USA at least, the TST trial is given to all immigrants who have come from a state of high TB incidence. The presence of latent infection amongst immigrants to the UK is presently about 30 75 % depending on state of beginning. A positive trial is normally followed up with a class of INH which will cut down the hazard of farther spread through the population. It should be noted that false positive consequences can happen with a past history of BCG inoculation every bit good as exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacterium, both contingencies being common among appliers from developing states. In a unusually elaborate survey, once more carried out in the USA ( chiefly for grounds of finding costs ) Saraiya et Al. calculated the cost-effectiveness of a Health Promotion enterprise which offered TNT testing to all new immigrants to the state. The inside informations of the survey are highly complex but, in kernel, the writers found that, in the twelvemonth 2002, without TST showing, 13,933 instances of active TB instances could be predicted, but, if a TNT showing programme together with isoniazid intervention was instituted, so 4,342 instances would be expected. The computations suggested that the net cost to the state without TST testing would be estimated at $ 338 million, and this compares to the cost with TST testing in the part of $ 258 million. ( Saraiya, Cookson & A ; Tribble et Al. 2002 ) . These costings, although taking into history a immense figure of factors, do hold some defects such as there is no accounting of the set up costs of such a Health Promotion programme. The writers translated these figures into a net economy of $ 8,320 per instance of TB prevented. Any wellness publicity strategy has besides to take note of the fact that this is non an ideal universe which can be absolutely mathematically modelled and the Saraiya et Al. survey did non do allowances for factors such as any immigrant refusing to undergo TST proving or failure of those who did prove positive with TST to describe for subsequent medical rating. There is besides the possibility that the immigrants my garbage to get down the therapy if it is deemed to be appropriate. ( Naidoo & A ; Wills 2005 ) Conformity Unfortunately such factors are non merely theoretical, they appear to interpret into pattern with surveies such as Cain et Al. showing that jobs such as these were responsible for a really significant decrease in the overall effectivity of the Health Promotion programme, as merely between 11 30 % of immigrants who had a positive TST trial were found to hold successfully completed an appropriate class of antimycobacterial therapy. ( Cain, Haley, Armstrong, Garman, Wells, Iademarco, Castro & A ; Laserson 2007 ) . From a clinical point of view there is a farther complication nevertheless, and that appears to be that there is a sub-group of persons with latent TB who have unnatural CXRs and who are at an increased hazard of reactivation. Cain et Al. point out that hence CXR followed by TST showing may be a more effectual Health Promotion scheme and may be more cost effectual if it consequences in the eventual intervention of fewer immigrants who have latent infection, but who are at a greater hazard of reactivation. This protocol was investigated by Shwartzmann et Al. and, utilizing a Markov theoretical account, the writers attempted to work out the costings involved. Although the methodological analysis was non every bit rigorous as that employed by Saraiya et al. , they were able to reason that, in those immigrants who had latent tubercular disease with abnormalcies found on the CXR, a important figure could be targeted and prevented from reactivation. ( Schwartz adult male & A ; Menzies 2004 ) . Education and conformity In the context of patient instruction, one can observe that this survey besides found that of the 353 patients who constituted the entry cohort, merely 145 really completed the preventive therapy class. It is non clear from the survey whether this group merely was lost to follow up or the health care professionals merely did non acquire over the message of the importance of taking the medicine, which may look counterintuitive to an immigrant who really has no obvious symptoms. Hazard issues If these wellness publicity steps were translated into the likely scenario of an immigrant coming to the UK from a high TB prevalence state, so Kik et Al. suggest that if the premise is made that the prevalence of latent TB was 50 % of all TB instances, so merely supplying CXR would be probably to forestall 1.2 active instances per 1,000 immigrants screened and the usage of the TST trial would be probably to forestall 2.9 instances per 1,000 immigrants screened. ( Kik, Franken, Mensen, Coblens, Kamphorst, Arend & A ; Erkens 2010 ) . The TST government would be more expensive, non least because it would be expected to place a larger figure of low-risk persons every bit good as the group of as false-positive reactors who would all hence be considered campaigners for chemoprophylaxis. Contact following as wellness publicity activity Although this reappraisal has considered the wellness publicity effects of testing at immigrant entry to the UK, there is besides the mechanism of contact following which, a figure of surveies ( viz. Hardy, Varma, Collyns, Moffitt, Mullarkey & A ; Watson 2010 ) have concluded, is besides a cost-efficient manner of restricting TB spread. The set up of the primary wellness attention construction in the UK is suited for such steps as community based contact following squads can be geographically positioned. Some of the early surveies ( viz Omerod 1993 ) estimated that 1 % of all immigrant contacts had active TB at the clip of the initial showing process and, at least at the clip of the survey, 10 % of all active TB instances which were later treated were identified entirely through the mechanism of following the contacts of those who were found to be positive. Such a mechanism is besides cost-efficient with Grzybowski et Al. showing that, in an entry cohort of 244 immigrants, 103 contac ts were traced and 6 were found to hold active disease. ( Grzybowski, Fishaut, Rowe & A ; Brown 2001 ) . The writers besides found that, because of the personal intercession of the health care professionals, there was a high conformity and intervention completion rate amongst this group. The big Underwood et Al. survey, which was completed in the UK, in a badly economically deprived country with chiefly Bangladeshi immigrants, went farther and demonstrated that contact following really proved to be more efficient than testing of new entrants at the point of entry. Using contact following entirely, the writers found 13 instances of active TB from contacts of 322 new immigrants. ( Underwood, White, Baker, Law & A ; Moore-Gillon 2003 ) Decisions In decision, it is clear that wellness publicity requires designation of those immigrants who have active or latent TB and who arrive in the UK in appreciable Numberss. It is clear that there is no 1 showing technique which will adequately cover with all contingencies. Assessment and rating of the assorted techniques described demonstrate that each has peculiar strengths and failings. A considered combination of CXR and TST together with appropriate contact following appears to offer the most effectual mechanism for aiming intervention for those in demand and to understate the likeliness of farther disease transmittal. It is clearly problematic whether a showing programme which considers all immigrants ( peculiarly those from high hazard states ) is either executable of economically practical or whether the combination attack outlined above is a matter-of-fact via media which keeps the bulk of the active instances out of the UK with maximal cost effectivity

Single parent Essay Example

Single parent Essay Example Single parent Essay Single parent Essay My name is Melissa and Im a single parent to a wonderful little boy. I call my son my miracle baby because I had half an ovary removed and a bunch of other problems and was told I may never have children. My son meaner everything to me and I would do anything for him. I decided to go back to school to make a better life for my son and show him that if you put your mind to it, anything is possible no matter what your age is. When I first seen my son on the monitor I know my life would never be the same. I watched my son grow from a peanut into a baby in my arms and nothing can beat that feeling. Hearing his little heart beat for the first time and knowing that he was safe and healthy is the only thing I could have asked for. I knew there were going to be ups and downs and there was going to be bumps in the way, but nothing prepared me for doing it alone. Going from being Just yourself and single, able to go out and have fun and party all night, to being responsible for someone else. I become someone elses protector and caregiver and it can be scary perpetually when its a surprise. I could prepare yeses for a lot of things in life but parenthood is something no one could teach me or prepare me for. Its a day-by-day learning experience. Not only is my child learning new things but so am l. As a single parent I get to be the one who teaches my son how to crawl and walk. I get to teach him right and wrong and how things work. I teach him to talk and learn new words, and how to use manners. As he get older I get to teach him how to ride bikes, ride horses, play sports, swim, hunt and fish. There are some downsides to being a single parent too. When being a single parent I have to rely on family and friends a little more for help and support. I know without mine I dont know where my son and I would be. As a single parent I dont just get to think about what is best for me but now I have to think about what is best for both of us. My choose affects him more than it does me cause he relies on me to make his chooses. As a single parent I dont get to go out and party or clubbing like other people my age. I dont get to stay out late cause my late nights have now turned onto bottles and changing diapers and rocking my child to sleep. As a single parent I have to be the good guy and the bad all at the same time. I have to discipline and punish while also cuddling and chasing monsters away, which can be tricky because at times my son will use that against me and while youre doing the punishing he is giving me the puppy dog eyes. Being a single parent has its rewards and its hard times, but I wouldnt give it up for anything on earth. After my sons father left and I was on my own with a newborn, I never felt more scared in my life. I had no clue what I was doing or how I was going to make it. Even through all of this my son makes everything possible and everyday worth living. Being a single parent takes education and hard work. At the end of the day when Im rocking my son or putting him into bed and he hug and kiss me good night and tells me night-night I love you it makes it all worth it. Watching him grow up into the toddler he has become and then to still get to watch him turn into a teen future and I get to do my absolute best to make all his dreams reality.

Free Essays on Crowded Classrooms

Shira J. Boss, wrote the article â€Å"Crowded classrooms even for adults† to bring attention to the new problems that are facing our nation’s community colleges. The article highlights that for many the community college is the only means for educational advancement. The goal of the community college is not only for extending opportunities to those who are denied admittance to traditional universities but also as a means for many to improve their standard of living by earning college degrees or skills that are offered by the community college. While the community college may be a beginning for some in their educational pursuits, for others it may not be a reality at all. Budgets are being cut in the community college system throughout the nation. With decreased available funding, the number of instructors decreases, the number of students per class increases, the number of classes offered decreases and the number of on-line courses has increased. Some students will not be able to take advantage of the opportunities that community colleges offer due to decreased ability to pay for tuition and books. The students will have to contend with decreased library hours, technology fees and a lack of enriching courses. In my opinion this country has its priorities wrong. It is amazing that when you turn on the news, a story is being broadcast about some athlete whose salary has just increased by millions of dollars or the amount of money local cities and towns are pouring into new stadiums or some sporting event. For instance, in Jacksonville, Fl. alone the average family of four cannot afford to attend a Jaguars football game. Furthermore, the city of Jacksonville, is investing millions of dollars to prepare for the Superbowl, yet has many public schools that are failing the students. I feel that this money would be better spent investing in education. The stability of nation is based on its middle class. The... Free Essays on Crowded Classrooms Free Essays on Crowded Classrooms Shira J. Boss, wrote the article â€Å"Crowded classrooms even for adults† to bring attention to the new problems that are facing our nation’s community colleges. The article highlights that for many the community college is the only means for educational advancement. The goal of the community college is not only for extending opportunities to those who are denied admittance to traditional universities but also as a means for many to improve their standard of living by earning college degrees or skills that are offered by the community college. While the community college may be a beginning for some in their educational pursuits, for others it may not be a reality at all. Budgets are being cut in the community college system throughout the nation. With decreased available funding, the number of instructors decreases, the number of students per class increases, the number of classes offered decreases and the number of on-line courses has increased. Some students will not be able to take advantage of the opportunities that community colleges offer due to decreased ability to pay for tuition and books. The students will have to contend with decreased library hours, technology fees and a lack of enriching courses. In my opinion this country has its priorities wrong. It is amazing that when you turn on the news, a story is being broadcast about some athlete whose salary has just increased by millions of dollars or the amount of money local cities and towns are pouring into new stadiums or some sporting event. For instance, in Jacksonville, Fl. alone the average family of four cannot afford to attend a Jaguars football game. Furthermore, the city of Jacksonville, is investing millions of dollars to prepare for the Superbowl, yet has many public schools that are failing the students. I feel that this money would be better spent investing in education. The stability of nation is based on its middle class. The...

Exactly What to Expect From AP Language Multiple Choice

Exactly What to Expect From AP Language Multiple Choice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Perhaps because the free-response section of the AP Language and Composition exam is worth more than the multiple-choice section, some teachers spend much more time preparing you for free-response than multiple-choice. While it's great to be prepared for the essays, this might leave you feeling like a lost and confused lamb when it comes to the AP English Language and Composition multiple choice section. But never fear, the guide is here! This guide will give a brief overview of the AP Language and Composition multiple-choice section, the eight question types you can expect to see on the test, three preparation strategies, a slate of AP practice question resources, and finally some tips for success on test day. The Multiple-Choice Section: An Overview Section I of the AP English Language and Composition test is the multiple-choice section. This section will have 52-55 questions testing you on how well you can read and understand nonfiction passages for their use of rhetoric. On the exam, you will be presented with four to five nonfiction passages. You will receive a bit of orienting information at the beginning of this passage, for example "this essay originally appeared in a major national newspaper in the 1980s." Each passage will have about 10-15 questions associated with it. The AP Lang multiple choice section is worth 45% of your total exam score. You will receive one point to your raw score for every question you answer correctly. However, as on other AP exams, your raw score will be converted to a scaled score from 1-5. But what's actually on the multiple-choice section? The next section explores what kinds of questions you can expect to actually be asked on the exam. The 8 Types of Multiple-Choice Questions There are eight kinds of multiple choice questions on the AP Language exam. In this section, I'll go over each type, provide an example question, and walk you through answering it. All of the example questions come from the "Course and Exam Description." You can find the original passages these questions are referring to there as well. Type 1: Reading Comprehension As you might expect, reading comprehension questions are about testing if you understood the passage on a concrete level: what does this particular sentence mean in a literal sense? And so on. You can usually identify them from phrases like "according to" and "refers." To succeed on these kinds of questions, your best strategy is to go back and re-read the part of the passage the question is asking about. Do so carefully, and when you then answer the question, focus on what the passage is actually saying outright. Don't infer on reading comprehension questions! Example: Let's go back and look at Lines 23-26 to answer this question: "But ‘books are not about schedules,' author Stephanie Nolen argues; rather, they are ‘about submerging yourself...about getting consumed.'" To return to the question, what is her "primary criticism of book clubs," then? Well, she says, "books are not about schedules." So, they shouldn't have to be a scheduled-in obligation. The only answer that choice that resembles what she actually says in the passage is that the problem with books clubs is that they (A), "are too programmed." Type 2: Implication This question style moves beyond basic, concrete reading comprehension into the realm of implication. Implication is what the author seems to say without actually coming out and saying it directly. However, even though the answer may not be written out clearly in the passage, the question will still have a clear correct answer based on textual evidence. You can identify implication questions from phrases like "best supported," "implies," "suggests," and "inferred." As for reading comprehension questions (and indeed, all multiple-choice questions on the AP) turn and look back at the relevant part of the passage before you answer. Then ask yourself: Which interpretation put forth by the answer choices does the passage *most* support? Example: First, we need to find where in the passage names for hurricanes and tornadoes are discussed. We can find this in lines 14-17: "A tornado, although more violent than a much longer lasting hurricane, has a life measured in minutes, and weathercasters watch it snuff out as it was born: unnamed." What answers about why tornadoes are unnamed and hurricanes are named are at all supported by this line? Choice (A), "there are too many of them," is clearly incorrect as the line says nothing about the frequency of either weather event. Choice (B) says, "their destruction is not as great as that of hurricanes." This is a trap! You may know based on your own knowledge that hurricanes generally incur much greater damages overall than tornadoes, but the passage doesn't say that. You have to choose an implication that is actually supported by the passage, and the passage doesn't say which causes more destruction. Choice (C) says "they last too short of a time." The passage does say that hurricanes are "much longer lasting" and that the life of a tornado is "measured in minutes." This could be a reasonable answer, but let's make sure it's the best one before we select it. Choice (D) says "they move too erratically to be plotted" and Choice (E) says tornadoes "can appear in any area of the world." It doesn't matter if either of those statements is true since the question asks what the passage implies, and the passage does not discuss either their movements or where they appear. Thus, (C) is the answer most supported by the passage. It's a trap! Don't be fooled. Type 3: Overall Passage and Author Questions Overall passage and author questions want you to identify key, overarching elements of the passage or author's views, like the purpose of the text, the author's audience, the author's attitude toward the subject, and so on. These questions are identifiable because they won't refer back to a specific place in the text but will instead ask general questions that apply to the entire excerpt. These questions can be a little more difficult to answer than those where you can look to a specific place in the text to answer your questions. You'll really need to have an overall impression of the passage based on its overarching details. It might be helpful to jot down a couple overall impressions of the excerpt right after you read it, to refer back to when faced with overall passage questions. Example: This passage is about the rise of book clubs. The first paragraph gives examples to demonstrate that book clubs have become a popular phenomenon. The second discusses book club backlash and some book club guides. The third paragraph asserts that book clubs are positive and sharing literary experiences is a good thing. Which of the answers fits with the passage? Answer (A) can be eliminated right away because there is no personal narrative. Answer (B) can also be eliminated because the passage begins with an example about Oprah, not any "empirical" (numbers-based) data. Answer (C) can be eliminated because the passage never introduces any questions related to the practice of book clubs. Choice (D) could be good- the first two paragraphs give mostly description, and the third and final paragraph gives an evaluation. Choice (E) doesn't fit because there is no initial condemnation of "the practice" (i.e. of book clubs). So (D) is the correct answer. Type 4: Relationships Between Parts of the Text Another question type will require you to identify or describe a relationship between two specific parts of the text. This could be paragraphs or shorter line segments, or a specific part of the passage compared to the rest of the passage or the passage as a whole. My advice for answering these questions is similar to my advice for most questions- go back and read the parts of the passage in question! You may want to jot down an overarching impression of what each part of the text is accomplishing or saying as you do, which should help you compare them and identify the relationship. Example: Because this passage is only two paragraphs long, this question is essentially asking us about the relationship between the first and second halves of the passage. What is the main idea of each of the sections? Well, the first paragraph describes essentially what makes a strong writer. The second paragraph establishes that Carlyle is "such a writer" and then discusses some of his works and why they are important. When we look at the answer choices, what matches up best with our main idea descriptions? Clearly (A), which describes how the first paragraph describes the strengths of a writer (which we know Carlyle has based on the topic sentence of the second paragraph), and the second describes Carlyle's "legacy." What kind of relationship do the parts of the text have? Type 5: Interpretation of Imagery/Figurative Language This type of question is concerned with the underlying meaning or implication of imagery or figurative language used in the excerpt. What is the author trying to accomplish with this particular phrase or this metaphor? Again, it is critical that you go back and read the part of the passage that the question refers to, or you will be completely lost on these questions (more so than on most others). You may want to re-read a few lines before and after as well so you can get a sense of the imagery in context. Example: For this to make sense, we need the entire sentence the "acorns" appear in: "It is an idle question to ask if his books will be read a century hence: if they were all burnt as the grandest of Suttees on his funeral pile, it would only be like cutting down an oak after its acorns have sown a forest." What could this mean? Well, acorns come from oak trees and make more oak trees. So this must refer to something that comes from Carlyle and is somehow a replication of him or his works. The best choices if we think about that, then, would be (A) his children, or (C) the ideas in his books. However, since the passage doesn't mention anything about his children that would be an irrelevant detail and can't be what the acorns represent. So the answer must be (C). Type 6: Purpose of Part of the Text These questions will ask you to choose the answer that best states the purpose that a given part of the text serves in the piece. What is the author hoping to accomplish with this specific example/sentence/device? These questions can usually be identified because they will ask specifically about purpose or function of a specific moment. To address these questions, you will need to, of course, re-read the part of the text in question. Think about what point the author is trying to make in that specific moment, and how that would serve their larger argument. All parts of a given text will serve the larger argument if they are well-constructed, so if it seems like an interpretation of the text presented in the answer choices doesn't work with the main argument, eliminate it. Example: These lines read, "You may meet a man whose wisdom seems unimpeachable, since you find him entirely in agreement with yourself; but this oracular man of unexceptionable opinions has a green eye, a wiry hands, and altogether, a Wesen, or demeanor, that makes the world look blank to you, and whose unexceptionable opinions become a bore; while another man who deals in what you cannot but think ‘dangerous paradoxes,' warms your heart by the pressure of his hand, and looks out on the world with so clear and loving an eye, that nature seems to reflect the light of his glance upon your own feeling." This sentence is really overwhelming, so let's try to break it down and re-write it in a simpler way. "You might meet a man who seems wise because he agrees with you, but this man might eventually become a bore; while a different man who presents challenging ideas may warm your heart and eventually convince you." This fits into the larger argument because Carlyle is the writer who presents challenging ideas, and this piece is in praise of Carlyle and his legacy. Let's go through the answers and see which choice fits best. Choice (A) describes a contrast between a writer who reinforces reader viewpoints and one who challenges them. This sounds like it could be right- let's keep it. Choice (B) describes an analogy between kinds of people and types of writing they prefer. There's no analogy in these lines, so we can eliminate (B). Choice (C) says that these lines challenge the idea that writers modify their ideas to appeal to readers. But since this passage overall refers to Carlyle's legacy and doesn't give any indication that he modifies his views to appeal to readers, so we can eliminate it. Choice (D) doesn't even refer to writers, and Choice (E) doesn't work because the lines say nothing about good and evil. So (A) is the best answer choice. Good and evil? Aren't all these questions evil? Type 7: Rhetorical Strategy For these questions, you'll need to identify the specific rhetorical strategy used by the author in the specific place in the passage. Essentially, you'll be identifying the particular argumentative "move" that the author is deploying to try to convince the audience of their position. Example: The passage identified in the question says: "The character of his influence is best seen in the fact that many of the men who have the least agreement with his opinions are those to whom the reading of Sartor Resartus was an epoch in the history of their minds. The extent of his influence may be best seen in the fact that ideas which were startling novelties when he first wrote them are now become common-places. And we think few men will be found to say that this influence on the whole has not been for good. There are plenty who question the justice of Carlyle's estimates of past men and past times, plenty who quarrel with the exaggerations of the Latter-Day Pamphlets, and who are as far as possible from looking for an amendment of things from a Carlylian theocracy with the ‘greatest man', as a Joshua who is to smite the wicked (and the stupid) till the going down of the sun. But for any large nature, those points of difference are quite incidental. It is not a theorist, but a s a great and beautiful human nature, that Carlyle influences us." So which of the rhetorical strategies in the answer choices makes the most sense? Choice (A) says the author berates Carlyle's opponents. This doesn't seem accurate- while she mentions those who disagree with him, she doesn't berate or insult them. Choice (B) says she acknowledges but discredits other arguments. While, again, she acknowledges that there are those who disagree with Carlyle, she doesn't really mention their specific arguments or discredit them. Choice (C) suggests she claims most people don't recognize Carlyle's genius. This can't be right; she says "few men will be found to say that this influence on the whole has not been for good" and describes how many of his ideas are now "commonplace." Choice (D) says she cites facts. She doesn't- she gives examples of his works and describes reactions. Thus, choice (E), which says she gives examples that reflect his influence, is correct. This is the best choice as the passage repeatedly emphasizes that even those who don't agree with him are affected by his thoughts. Type 8: Style and Effect The last question type asks you about stylistic moments in the text and the effect created by those stylistic choices. Essentially, what does the author accomplish by making that particular stylistic choice? To address these questions, re-read the sentence or moment in question with an eye for how it sounds and feels. Don't just think about what it says- what does it evoke? Example: The sentence says, "‘Oh God, that I were a writer!' She cried. ‘Surely a writer could not string words together about Henry Irving's Hamlet and say nothing, nothing.'" The stylistic choice in question is the italicization of "nothing, nothing." We may notice that this mirrors the italicization of "writer." Italics generally indicate emphasis- so what's the effect of emphasizing "writer" and "nothing, nothing"? Be careful here, because it might be tempting to choose (B) - indicate a sarcastic tone. This kind of emphasis is often used to communicate sarcasm. However, that doesn't fit with the rest of the passage, or the fact that she "dropped her pen in despair" just before. The best choice is (A), that it emphasizes her frustration. With the eight question types addressed, we can move on to more general strategies to prepare to take the multiple choice section of AP Language and Composition. You are the general of your own AP preparation army! How to Prepare There are several key strategies you can use to prepare yourself to rock the multiple-choice section of the AP Language and Composition exam. #1: Read and Engage With Nonfiction A key prep strategy is to read nonfiction of all different types, particularly nonfiction that argues a position or advances an agenda of some kind. When you read, you should work on identifying and understanding how the author makes use of rhetorical strategies and techniques. Ask yourself: What is the author's argument? What evidence do they use to support their position? What is the nature of their evidence- anecdotes, statistics, illustrative examples? What rhetorical techniques and strategies do they use to build their argument? Are they making particular kinds of appeals? Is their argument strong? If yes, what makes it strong? If no, what makes it weak? Constantly considering these questions as you read will help you learn to analyze passages quickly and informally, which is an essential skill for answering multiple-choice questions focused on rhetorical analysis. #2: Learn Rhetorical Terms and Strategies In order to analyze works, of course, you need to know rhetorical terms and strategies. You will undoubtedly learn many techniques and strategies from your teacher, and you should definitely review those before the exam. You can also check out my essential list of 55 AP English Language terms you need to know. Make sure you aren't just memorizing the terms and the definitions, but that you can actually identify all of the techniques at work in the things you read! #3: Practice Answering Multiple-Choice Questions To succeed on the multiple-choice section, you need to practice answering multiple-choice questions! This will help you get familiar with the feel of the multiple-choice section and identify any gaps in your understanding. The next section will suggest tons of sources for practice multiple-choice questions. A whole pile of practice questions! Practice Question Resources There are a variety of practice test resources you can use to hone your multiple choice skills. The best multiple-choice practice resources come from the College Board. This is because they write the AP exam, so their practice questions are the most like real AP multiple-choice questions. Unfortunately, there are not as many official resources for the AP Language and Composition exam as there are for some other tests. However, once you run out of official College Board practice questions, there are still some unofficial resources that you can use for multiple choice practice. In this section I'll go over both. Official Multiple-Choice Resources The College Board offers both complete released exams and sample multiple-choice questions. Complete Released Exams Complete official exams are a great resource if you can find them, because they will have complete multiple-choice sections for you to practice with. Unfortunately, the College Board has not released any official previous exams for AP Language and Composition, as they have for many other tests. You may, though, still be able to find complete official exams from past years by Googling "AP Language complete released exam" or similar variations on that. You might also ask your AP teacher if there are copies of old AP exams you can use for practice. They often have access to past exams and may be able to loan them to you. Sample Questions From the "AP Course and Exam Description" The AP Course and Exam description for AP Language and Composition includes 50 sample multiple-choice questions. This is actually only two questions short of a complete multiple choice section, so this a pretty sizable collection of questions to add to your practice bank. Better get a safe so you can put it in the bank! Unofficial Multiple-Choice Practice Resources There are tons of sites out there offering free multiple-choice practice questions and quizzes for the AP Language and Composition exam. But they aren't all created equal! In this section I'll highlight just several of these resources that are most worth your time. For an even more comprehensive list, see my list of all practice tests available for AP Lang and Comp. College Countdown Complete AP Language Practice Test This site has a complete unofficial practice test. You can ignore the essays for the purposes of multiple choice practice. The wording of questions on the multiple-choice section aren't exactly the same as on a real AP exam, but the tasks are very similar and the passages are well-selected. This is a great source for sample multiple choice questions once you run out of College Board official options. McGraw-Hill AP Practice Quiz McGraw-Hill, an academic book publisher, offers this free 25-question multiple-choice "diagnostic quiz." It has difficult, well-written multiple-choice questions that really look and feel like real AP questions. The passages do open in another window, which is slightly awkward and annoying, but the questions are so good that it's worth it! The quiz is supposed to be 25 questions, but you could theoretically get more than 25 questions from this resource since every time you open a new test window you get a subset randomly selected questions from a question pool. Albert English Language Practice Albert has a decent number of small multiple-choice quizzes that offer practice questions analyzing the rhetoric of various notable nonfiction passages. The style of the questions is a little more informal and to the point than genuine AP questions published by the College Board, but they are still good practice for answering multiple-choice questions about rhetorical techniques deployed in a passage. So when you've exhausted your other resources this is still a solid multiple-choice practice question source. In order to answer questions, you need to sign up for a free account. It then costs "credits" to answer questions. You can both buy additional credits and earn credits for answering questions correctly, so if you are good at answering questions, you can use this service for free pretty much indefinitely! Otherwise I don't really advise buying credits since there are frankly better paid resources available (like review books). Review Books Most review books also have practice multiple-choice questions designed to mimic College Board questions and are a good resource when you've used all of your official and unofficial free questions. However, not all review books are of equal quality, and some have questions that are downright poor quality. Be sure to look at reviews and flip through the book to check out its questions and how they compare to College Board questions before buying if you can. As a starting place, Barron's and the Princeton Review are usually reliable review book sources. You might need a nap after you do all of these questions. Test Day Tips Here are four key strategies to help you succeed on the multiple choice section on test day. Interact With the Text When you are initially reading a passage, do some preliminary marking up! Underline things that seem particularly significant, like a thesis statement or major shift in the text. Make notes of motifs or confusing sentences. These marks will help you familiarize yourself with the text and navigate it when you come back to answer the questions. Identify Main Ideas Once you finish reading a passage through, quickly jot down the main idea/argument of the piece, the author's purpose, and the intended audience. This will help you answer overarching passage questions. Additionally, preemptively identifying these points before addressing the questions should help make many of them more clear and help you keep the passage framed in your mind as you work through questions. Always Re-read Never rely on your memory when the question is about a specific place in the text: always go back and read the line in question. If the answer still isn't clear once you've consulted the text, read a little bit around the specified line for more context and clarity. Eliminate Off-Topic Answers An easy trick to eliminating wrong answers for many questions is to simply identify answer choices that are clearly off-topic. At a first pass these might not be obvious, since they may use a word or phrase from the passage and will sound stylistically similar to the other choices. But a closer look will reveal that the answer has nothing to do with the paragraph or passage topic! Here's an example: The sentence says, "‘Oh God, that I were a writer!' She cried. ‘Surely a writer could not string words together about Henry Irving's Hamlet and say nothing, nothing.'" We might see the words "writing" in answers (C) and (D) and think they are on topic- after all, Ellen Terry wishes she "were a writer." However, the very point of the sentence is that she is not a writer. So does it make sense for the effect to have to do with writing parts for actors or how to succeed at writing? No! Those answers are completely off-topic. A highly professional and profound production of Hamlet. Key Takeaways The multiple-choice section of AP Lang and Comp has 52-55 questions and is worth 45% of your exam grade. There are eight types of questions you can expect to see on the AP Language and Composition multiple choice exam: Reading comprehension Implication Overall passage and author questions Relationship between parts of the text Interpretation of imagery/figurative language Purpose of part of the text Rhetorical strategy Style and effect The multiple-choice section of the AP Language and Composition exam can be challenging for students who are more used to literary close-reading than rhetorical analysis. However, you can learn to succeed! Here's how to prepare: Read and engage thoughtfully with nonfiction so you can identify essential rhetorical elements quickly and thoroughly. Learn rhetorical terms and strategies and both how to identify them in other works and how to use them in your own writing. Practice for the multiple-choice section! There are a number of resources, both official and unofficial, where you can get practice AP language and composition multiple-choice practice questions. There are some official resources from the College Board and some unofficial free online resources, though you should always be careful to thoroughly investigate unofficial material for quality. Once it's time for test day, here are four strategies to succeed on the multiple-choice section: Interact with the passages as you read them for the first time. Identify the main ideas- the author's purpose, argument, and audience- right after the first time you read the passage. Always go back and re-read the part of the passage in question- don't rely on memory! Watch out for answer choices that are clearly off-topic and eliminate them! Ready like a freshly baked muffin! What's Next? If you need more help with AP Language and Composition, we have a total list of practice tests and a complete guide to the exam. In addition to our guide to AP Lang terms, we also have several more detailed articles about specific literary devices that might prove helpful. We recommend reading through our posts on point of view, tone words, personification, and the literary elements you'll find in every story. For analyzing poetry and poetic prose, we have specific articles on assonance and iambic pentameter, with explanations and examples of each. Taking other APs? See six tips for acing your AP exams, our five-step AP prep plan, and our guide to finding the best AP practice tests. Wondering if you can retake AP exams? We have the answer! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Business and Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business and Marketing Management - Essay Example The company has a unique model with retailing and distribution operations. The company also has the "Inchcape Fleet Solutions" that is the UK's largest independent leasing company and it is managing a fleet in excess of 53000 cars. The company's vision is to be the most customer-centric automotive retailer group. According to them the cutting edge in the services industry is the quality of service provided to the customers. They believe that consistent provision of quality services increases loyal customers and also helps them achieve their financial and industrial targets. The company has 208 retail outlets and 85 distribution sites all around the world, each boasts of superiority and excellence in service. The company's strategy is simple and that is to focus on customer service and operational excellence to strengthen their business. They have four crucial elements to support their strategy. First are their people, since they believe that people and human resources are of prime importance to any businesses success. Second is performance management, since they have set the "best in class" gold standards to achieve excellence in performance. Third is their technology and service infrastructure, since they aim to improve the infrastructure to reduce cost and time in order to focus more on customer satisfaction. Lastly, is efficient allocation of capital in order to make good use of growth opportunities. They aim to work within the 7 P's namely; product, price, promotion, place, people, process (customer satisfaction) and physical evidence. Their strategic priorities are to strengthen their existing core business and expand in potential markets. Situation... The company’s strategy is simple and that is to focus on customer service and operational excellence to strengthen their business. They have four crucial elements to support their strategy. First are their people, since they believe that people and human resources are of prime importance to any businesses success. Second is performance management, since they have set the â€Å"best in class† gold standards to achieve excellence in performance. Third is their technology and service infrastructure, since they aim to improve the infrastructure to reduce cost and time in order to focus more on customer satisfaction. Lastly, is efficient allocation of capital in order to make good use of growth opportunities. They aim to work within the 7 P’s namely; product, price, promotion, place, people, process (customer satisfaction) and physical evidence. Their strategic priorities are to strengthen their existing core business and expand in potential markets. Situation Analysi sInchcape is very much capable of expanding their business in potential markets and also to strengthen their core business. Their main focus is operational excellence and their activities include retailing and distribution. Customer satisfaction is essential to them since they are aware of the fact that customers can easily switch to their competitors. In order to support their vision that is to become the most customer-centric automotive retailer group, the company has been consistent in investing in dealership premises.

Close Reading of a Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Close Reading of a Poem - Essay Example You can almost see the speaker in the poem throwing tantrums at "daddy" blaming him for all her misfortunes. At best, the speaker in the poem did not attempt to hide her anger towards her father and her husband nor did she attempt to conceal her love for both men who tormented her and ruled her life for years. All throughout the poem, the speaker struggles to deal with her loss, her love and her hatred of her father. The speaker has unresolved issues against her father which she believed to be the root of all her sufferings and pain as an adult. Note that the speakers father died when she was ten so she never really had the chance to outgrow her fathers influence on her as most children do. In line 6 and 7 of the poem, the speaker said â€Å"Daddy, I have had to kill you / You died before I had time†. Her fathers death left a big hollow in the life of the speaker and she felt that even in death, her father still have influence over her. Actually, the idea of killing in the poem is more like a figure of speech. The speaker had always been scared of her father as a child and she wanted to get rid of the influence that her father had over her by "killing" her father. The idea of "killing" can be interpreted as "outgrowing" the influence of her father over her. Since her father died be fore she had the chance to breakaway from his domination, the speaker felt that she was trapped and unable to "kill" the feeling of being dominated. As the speaker in the poem reached adulthood, her feelings for her father remains almost childlike. If you take a closer look at the lyrics of the poem you will notice that the tone of the poem is purposely made childlike. Instead of addressing her father in a more formal tone that adults use, the speaker insistently called her father "daddy". At the time when this poem was written, adults usually refer to their fathers using the formal word "Father" and only little children venture to call their parents "mommy and daddy". What

Liverpool and Britain dependent on other countries Essay

Liverpool and Britain dependent on other countries - Essay Example Although the exact moment of globalization occurring in Liverpool is a highly debatable question considering the length of Britain’s history and its extensive involvement in world affairs, it could be send that the election of â€Å"New Labour† in 1997 marked the rapid acceleration of the period. With Tony Blair’s successful efforts to remake the formerly left-wing, anti-free trade Labour party into a pro-market moderate party, Britain decided to go full steam ahead with economic global integration. Britain got its economic act together just as globalization was accelerating, in the late 1980s. It has managed to catch and ride the current wave successfully, selling the world financial and business services where once it sold cotton textiles and machines. Shifting earlier and more decisively than most countries out of mass manufacturing, where it had few advantages over lower-cost competitors, to more easily defended high-value-added goods and services gave it an edge. Margaret Thatcher's painful union-bashing left Britain with flexible labour markets at a time when countries such as France and Germany are struggling with unbudgetable workers and high unemployment. Britain has always been a trading nation. Liverpool has been a central part of that history. Founded by King John in the 12 century, the city has been an important port for a very long time. In the 19th century it became, along with Manchester, the first two British cities connected by railway, allowing the quick transport of goods to market.

Smoking Ban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking Ban - Essay Example The public was, however, largely ignorant to this fact the medics became viewed with skepticism. It took a number of long years for people to pay attention to the medics. Medical science has, nevertheless, proved beyond a reasonable doubt that smoking kills (Susman, 2012). A lot of smokers claim that it is by choice that they smoke this might be the case, but what if the person smoking is a female who is pregnant, or what if the smoker sits in a room full of young children and inflicts that choice of hers to the children. Smoking has since the early 1990’s, become antisocial and the voice of the non smokers can largely be heard (European Society of Cardiology, 2012). Smoking ban infringes on human rights to enjoy their freedom. A lot of people believe that putting smoking bans in a number of public areas is a harsh measure and that it will affect them profoundly. There is also the other group that accepts putting bans in all public places is the way to go. The question I ask is, why do people smoke. From my research, I uncovered a couple of that lead people to smoke; First of all young people smoke because it makes them feel mature, look like their friends or even experiment (Susman, 2012). Adults, on the other hand, smoke to reduce stress or pressure (Hinds & First, 2000). Carrying a couple of smokes to work is a reward to all smokers, most of them would not think of carrying them to work if they did not have a reason too. Smoking enables one to kick back, relax and enjoy him or herself for a few minutes. I must acknowledge that sitting with a group of people with a smoke is a terrific way to relax. The other group of people says that smoking is a social thing. For example, if a person is outside having a smoke and spots another person also having a smoke, it is always an easy and  pleasant way of starting a conversation. Especially in social places like bars or clubs, these are the places, to meet people and socialize over a smoke and a drink. Smoking is

Custom Chip, Inc Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Custom Chip, Inc - Article Example Workflow in this company begins with the marketing department. This department collects orders from the customers with detailed specifications of customer needs. After the collection of orders, the work is sent to the engineering department that designs the approach to be used to meet customer’s specifications. The engineering department then sends the work to the production department that undertakes the process of producing the items ordered by customers. In case of any issue in production, the production supervisor is supposed to call the product engineer for guidelines. The workflow process for this company has been lengthy. This has made it to cause delays in the delivery of orders. Moreover, it has been costly thus resulting to high costs of production and ineffective thus resulting to low level of production. Several modifications in the workflow require to be done in order to overcome its ineffectiveness. One of the modifications that could assist is integrating the departments of this organization in the production process. To integrate the departments, the company should make the production process to be a multidisciplinary teamwork. In this kind of approach, the production team would be involving marketing personnel, a production engineer, and a production supervisor. Another modification that can be adapted on the workflow to enhance its effectiveness is ensuring that each department plays only its specific tasks without interfering with other departments. The type of design used at Custom Chip is that of production workers reporting to their supervisor, the supervisor reporting to the production engineer, then production engineers reporting to production engineering manager. This design has proven to be ineffective. Hence, I recommend that is should be modified to promote accountability and effectiveness. A modification that I would recommend is the introduction of a production sight engineers who will act as production managers. The managers

Smoking Ban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking Ban - Essay Example The public was, however, largely ignorant to this fact the medics became viewed with skepticism. It took a number of long years for people to pay attention to the medics. Medical science has, nevertheless, proved beyond a reasonable doubt that smoking kills (Susman, 2012). A lot of smokers claim that it is by choice that they smoke this might be the case, but what if the person smoking is a female who is pregnant, or what if the smoker sits in a room full of young children and inflicts that choice of hers to the children. Smoking has since the early 1990’s, become antisocial and the voice of the non smokers can largely be heard (European Society of Cardiology, 2012). Smoking ban infringes on human rights to enjoy their freedom. A lot of people believe that putting smoking bans in a number of public areas is a harsh measure and that it will affect them profoundly. There is also the other group that accepts putting bans in all public places is the way to go. The question I ask is, why do people smoke. From my research, I uncovered a couple of that lead people to smoke; First of all young people smoke because it makes them feel mature, look like their friends or even experiment (Susman, 2012). Adults, on the other hand, smoke to reduce stress or pressure (Hinds & First, 2000). Carrying a couple of smokes to work is a reward to all smokers, most of them would not think of carrying them to work if they did not have a reason too. Smoking enables one to kick back, relax and enjoy him or herself for a few minutes. I must acknowledge that sitting with a group of people with a smoke is a terrific way to relax. The other group of people says that smoking is a social thing. For example, if a person is outside having a smoke and spots another person also having a smoke, it is always an easy and  pleasant way of starting a conversation. Especially in social places like bars or clubs, these are the places, to meet people and socialize over a smoke and a drink. Smoking is

Innovation in Topp Tiles Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovation in Topp Tiles Plc - Case Study Example The innovative strategies adopted by Topp Tiles includes evolving appropriate marketing strategies, establishing excellent ,customer support and enhancing the online business operations. The study undertaken have given the wider perspective on the impact of the innovation that would help the organisations maintain the leadership in the market. The observations made from this study have helped to evolve a framework of practices that organisations could adopt to make them the most acceptable by the clients and also successful in business operations. Top tiles are the most favoured brands in the floor tile segment across UK and other major European countries. Since opening of the first specialist tile centre in Manchester in the year 1963, Topp tiles were offering its customers high quality products. The reasons for its success during all through these years was due to the competitive strategy it had adopted by recruiting, training and retaining highly competitive staff who are knowledgeable, friendly to customers and also highly committed to the profession. The business strategy too is beyond the revenue and enhanced sales volume. They take extra care to see that their customers are able to complete the particular task for which the Topp tiles products were purchased. A DVD which explains "How to do it" clearly shows the commitment to the customer by explaining the process the customers must undergo to get the maximum benefit from the purchased products. Its these policies that have helped the Topp tiles to become the Britain's largest tile and wood flooring specialist with over 250 stores over U.K. and adding atleast 20 stores every year (Topp Tiles, n.d.). 1.2 Financial performance of Topp Tiles :Year 2008 (Topp Tiles,2008) * Total revenue increased by 0.1 % to 208.1 million. * Group gross margin is 61.8 % * Operating profit of 34.6 million and profit before tax reported as27.7million. * Basic earning per share 11.16 p. 1.3 Future Challenges Till the end of the year 2008 the business was going well for the Topp tiles Plc. Having opened 10 new stores across different places in UK and trading from the centres being raised to over 300, the revenues reported have shown a marginal increase than that of the previous year (Topp Tiles, n.d.). Inspite of the prevalence of highly turbulent weather and reduced consumer spending, the company was able to wither the problems and maintain the required business by appropriately strategizing its marketing plan. The additional spending it had made on a national level TV advertisement campaign coupled with the inflationary trends have resulted in the increased gross expenditure of 43 percent of the total revenue,

How the world has changed Essay Example for Free

How the world has changed Essay The essay â€Å"Use Your Own Words† by Anne Trubek argues a great point that technology is changing the way we read and write and that spell must change also. Should the world let technology take over? What is the purpose of a map if you can easily find it on your phone and get directions? Think about it, what is the purpose of having a book or newspaper in modern times if you can easily go on the internet. She supports this by showing and explaining how spelling checkers and much more are slowly messing with the way we spell. What Trubek states in her argument is very true, spelling has went from â€Å"As soon as possible to ASAP† just in a matter of centuries. It all started in 1475 reducing the amount of letters in words, abbreviating. Back then there was no one or thing to tell you whether you spelled it wrong or right now we have many systems that correct the spelling. Even though it was used in that time as telegrams. I agree that we have let technology change the way the spelling system is now; some of the effects are hardly changeable. For instance text messaging has made people have a certain and crazy way of spelling that most well a lot of professors, teachers and more dont always understand. Kids and certain adults communicate in many different modalities as a result of technology. When using iPhones, tablets, smart pads and more they use T9 word which corrects the spelling as you text or swipe and let you circle some of the words and it spells them for you. When I started high school and got my first phone I used it, it’s a technology built to help people typing on cellphones. I didn’t know how to spell words so it used set of words that where similar to the word I was looking for. Texting became even easier to me when I was a minor. Some people are happy but 10% complain as Trubek stated â€Å"Damn you, autocorrect† (220). When you look on websites people misspell a lot using spelling systems like swipe, then have to apologize for the mistakes. While younger centuries are developing this apart of their lives, older are saying we have lost are mind. Another true fact is teacher even want us to use spelling  grammar and check on computers like in Microsoft word and more. The spelling system argues that spelling reform would make a huge change in the world today that’s the way she looked at it if you read page 221 they stated that reduce the words help people get a better understanding. Just slowly and often not in an organized way. There are many words that were once spelled very differently but have now changed. For example, error was spelled errour. In American language has been up and down beaten and destroyed just as fast as it was built. The writing has even changed certain formats for certain paper, the way your letters look, everything. I believe she feels we have already done enough to it what could possible go wrong with trying to make it better in the world, changing the spelling systems and making it not so much as slang but as proper English, or even just letting people know what goes where and not always shorting the word. In the future at the rate there going words want live on it will be codes that you will have to go by. It is great that we have established new inventions but not to take and destroy what many of our ancestors built. I think that most important thing to her is how she can make a change; I mean I understand we have let technology do a lot for us. Like computers, tablets, phones can keep all of those files and handouts in neat folders. The way that we think of textbooks is completely changing. It is no longer just text and pictures. Today’s textbooks often have web-based sites that include assessments, animations, additional materials, videos, and other materials to support the learning of new contents. Even you have books that can be downloaded on everything and it reads it for you and or watch the movie or as I like to call it the remake. Which by the way takes away from your reading skills and more? I’m not sure if this is a part of the learning, but we don’t pass notes in class anymore. Because we can easily get them off are email or as most students do text one another instead. Its just another funny way how technology has changed education. As I look over this essay it makes me want to take and bye me a lot of dictionary sit down and study every word in the book. Instead on using the one on my phone and cutting down on the way I spell in my texting. When Trubek stated â€Å"Standardized spelling enables readers to understand writing, to aid communication and ensure clarity† (222). She made me think about what my grandmother always told me â€Å"don’t eat anything if you can’t spell it; know where it came from and what’s in it. This is a great article I would encourage a lot of people to read it and think about it, and hopeful as they get older try to change the way they incorporate how to spell, read write and learn.